Ciba-Geigy AG \,se-b3-'gl-ge\ Former Swiss pharmaceutical company formed in 1970 from the merger of Ciba AG and J.R. Geigy SA. Ciba started out in the 1850s as a silk-dyeing business and branched out into pharmaceuticals in 1900, by which time it was the largest chemical com¬ pany in Switzerland. J.R. Geigy dates to 1758, when Johann Rudolf Geigy set up a chemist’s shop in Basel. The company soon began manufactur¬ ing dyes for the textile industry. It entered the pharmaceutical market in the 1930s. The name was shortened to Ciba in 1992, and in 1996 Ciba’s merger with the Swiss company Sandoz formed Novartis AG, one of the world’s largest pharmaceutical companies.
Cibber \'sib-9r\, Colley (b. Nov. 6, 1671, London, Eng.—d. Dec. 11, 1757, London) British actor-manager, playwright, and poet. He began his career as an actor in 1690. His Love’s Last Shift (1696) is considered the first sentimental comedy. Cibber and two other actor-managers coman¬ aged the Drury Lane Theatre (1710-33). He was appointed poet aureate in 1730. His autobiography, An Apology for the Life of Mr. Colley Cibber (1740), contains the best account of the theatre of his day. Tactless, rude, and supremely self-confident, he was the target of many personal and political attacks; Alexander Pope mocked him as king of the dunces in his satirical poem The Dunciad. See also actor-manager system.
Cibola Vse-bo-laV Seven Cities of Legendary cities of splendour and riches sought by Spanish coNQUiSTADORes in North America during the 16th century. The cities were first reported by Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, who was shipwrecked off Florida in 1528 and who wandered through what later became Texas and northern Mexico before his rescue in 1536. Expe¬ ditions sent to search for the cities were unsuccessful; one led by Fran¬ cisco Vazquez de Coronado in 1540 located a group of Zuni pueblos but failed to find vast treasures.
Ciboney \si-'bo-na\ Extinct group of Indian people who inhabited the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. By the time the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, they had been driven by their more powerful Taino neighbours to a few isolated loca¬ tions in what are now Cuba and Haiti. They lived in settlements of one or two families and apparently subsisted largely on seafood. The tool technology of the Cuban Ciboney was based on shell, that of the Haitian Ciboney on stone. Within a century of the first European con¬ tact, the Ciboney were extinct.
cicada \so-'ka-d9\ Any insect in the order Homoptera that has two pairs of membranous wings, prominent compound eyes, and three simple eyes (ocelli). Most of the 1,500
Newly emerged adult cicada (Tibicen pruinosa).
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© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
406 I Cicero ► Cimarron
known species are in the family Cicadidae and are found in tropical deserts, grasslands, and forests. Males produce loud noises by vibrating membranes near the base of the abdomen. Most North American cicadas produce rhythmical ticks, buzzes, or whines, though the “song” of some species is musical. The species are easily distinguishable by song, behav¬ iour, and appearance. Periodic cicadas (species that occur in large num¬ bers in chronologically and geographically isolated broods) appear in regular cycles, including the well-known 17-year cicada (often errone¬ ously called the 17-year locust) and 13 -year cicada. The larvae (nymphs) burrow into the ground, where they remain for 17 or 13 years, feeding on juices sucked from roots; they then emerge in large numbers to live aboveground as adults for a single week.
Cicero Vsi-sa-.roV, Marcus Tullius (b. 106 bc, Arpinum, Latium—d. Dec. 7, 43 bc, Formiae) Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer. Born to a wealthy family, he quickly established a brilliant career in law and plunged into politics, then rife with factionalism and conspiracy. Cicero was elected consul in 63 bc. Of his speeches, perhaps the best known are those he made against Catiline, whose uprising he foiled. He vainly tried to uphold republican principles in the civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic. After the death of Julius Caesar, he delivered his 14 Philippic orations against Mark Antony. When the triumvirate of Antony, Octavian (later Augustus), and Marcus Lepidus was formed, he was executed. His extant works include 58 orations and more than 900 letters, as well as many poems, philosophical and political treatises, and books of rhetoric. He is remembered as the greatest Roman orator and the inno¬ vator of what became known as Ciceronian rhetoric, which remained the foremost rhetorical model for many centuries.
cichlid \'si-klod\ Any of more than 600 primarily freshwater fish species (family Cichlidae), including many popular aquarium species. Cichlids are found in the New World tropics, Africa and Madagascar, and southern Asia. Most species are African, appearing in great diversity in the major African lakes. Cichlids are deep-bodied and have a rounded tail. They usu¬ ally grow no longer than about 12 in. (30 cm). Species may be omnivores, herbivores, or carnivores. Cichlids are noted for their complex mating and breeding behavior. Certain species (e.g., tilapia), known as mouthbreeders, carry their eggs in the mouth until hatched. See also angelfish.
Cid \'sid\, the Spanish El Cid orig. Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar (b. c.
1043, Vivar, near Burgos, Castile—d. July 10, 1099, Valencia) Castilian military leader and national hero. His popular name, El Cid (from Span¬ ish Arabic al-sid, “lord”), dates from his lifetime. Brought up at the court of Ferdinand I, the Cid served the king’s eldest son, Sancho II, in his campaign to gain control of Leon. On Sancho’s death he shifted to the service of Alfonso VI, whom he had formerly opposed. His unauthorized raid on the Moorish kingdom of Toledo (1081) prompted Alfonso to send him into exile. He then entered the service of the Muslim rulers of Zara¬ goza, becoming known as a general who was never defeated in battle. Alfonso tried unsuccessfully to win him back during the Almoravid inva¬ sion of Spain. The Cid maneuvered to gain control of the Moorish king¬ dom of Valencia, finally succeeding in 1094. He was speedily elevated to the status of national hero, and his exploits were celebrated in a heroic biography and a famous 12th-century epic poem.
cider Expressed juice of apples. Apples are ground to a fine pulp and then pressed. Hard (alcoholic) cider is fermented in vats for up to three months before being filtered and aged (see fermentation). Sweet cider is unfer¬ mented and either drunk fresh (as in the U.S.) or mellowed in pressurized tanks first (particularly in Europe). Most cider in the U.S. is now pas¬ teurized. Juice that is pasteurized, treated with a preservative, and often clarified before being hermetically sealed in cans or bottles is marketed as apple juice.
cientifico \se-en-'te-fi-ko\ Spanish "scientist" Member of a group of officials who served in the government of Porfirio Diaz (1877-80, 1 884— 1911) in Mexico. Influenced by positivism and rejecting metaphysics, the¬ ology, and idealism as inadequate to solve Mexico’s problems, they advocated applying what they considered to be the scientific methods of the social sciences to the problems of finance, education, and industrial¬ ization. They had little influence on Diaz, but the movement took root in other parts of Latin America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
cigar Cylindrical roll of tobacco for smoking, consisting of cut tobacco filler formed in a binder leaf and with a wrapper leaf rolled spirally around the bunch. Wrapper leaf, the most expensive leaf used in cigars, must be strong, elastic, silky in texture, and even in colour; it must have a pleas¬