Clarendon, Constitutions of (1164) Sixteen articles issued by King Henry II defining church-state relations in England. Designed to restrict ecclesiastical privileges and curb the power of the church courts, the con¬ stitutions provoked the famous quarrel between Henry and St. Thomas Becket. Among their controversial measures were the provisions that all revenues from vacant sees and monasteries reverted to the king, who had discretion in filling the vacant offices, and that clerics charged with seri¬ ous crimes were to be tried in secular courts. Becket’s martyrdom in 1170 forced Henry to moderate his attack on the clergy, but he did not repu¬ diate the constitutions.
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1 st earl of (b. Feb. 18, 1609, Dinton, Wiltshire, Eng.—d. Dec. 9, 1674, Rouen, France.) English statesman and historian. A successful lawyer, he was also well known in literary circles. As a member of Parliament, he became an adviser to Charles I, recom¬ mending moderate policies, but was unable to prevent the English Civil Wars. He helped bring about the Restoration of Charles II and was created earl of Clarendon in 1661. As lord chancellor (1660-67), he dominated most aspects of the administration. His criticism of the king’s immorality eventually destroyed their friendship, and Parliament made him a scape¬ goat for the disasters of the Anglo-Dutch War of 1665. Dismissed as lord chancellor in 1667, he spent the rest of his life in exile in France, where he completed his History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England.
Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, 4th earl of
(b. Jan. 12,1800, London, Eng.—d. June 27, 1870, London) British states¬ man. After serving as British ambassador to Spain (1833-39), he held various cabinet posts until Lord Aberdeen named him secretary of state for foreign affairs in 1853. Clarendon failed to prevent the outbreak of the Crimean War, and his performance during it was undistinguished, but he secured favourable terms for Britain at the Congress of Paris (1856). He continued in office under Lord Palmerston until 1858 and also served as foreign secretary under Earl Russell (1865-66) and William E. Gladstone
(1868-70).
Clarendon Code (1661-65) Four acts, passed in England during the ministry of the earl of Clarendon, designed to cripple the power of the
Clair, photograph by Yousuf Karsh
© KARSH FROM RAPHO/PHOTO RESEARCHERS
(Left) Quahog (Mercenaria); (ri gFt) soft-shell clam [Mya]
RUSS KINNE-PHOTO RESEARCHERS
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
clarinet ► class I 413
Nonconformists, or Dissenters. The first, the Corporation Act, forbade municipal office to those not taking the sacraments at a parish church; the Act of Conformity excluded them from church offices; the Conventicle Act made meetings for Nonconformist worship illegal; and the Five-Mile Act forbade Nonconformist ministers to live or visit within five miles of any place where they had ministered.
clarinet Single-reed woodwind instrument. It is a standard member of both orchestras and bands. It has a cylindrical bore and a flared bell, and it is usually made of African blackwood ( Dalbergia melanoxylon, more commonly called renadilla). It has a 3V6-octave range; its lower register is rich and its top register is brilliant. It developed from the slightly older two-key chalumeau; the German flute maker Johann Christoff Denner (1655-1707) is said to have invented it at the beginning of the 18th cen¬ tury. The B-flat clarinet is the standard instrument today; the A clarinet often replaces it in sharp keys. Clarinets with the fingering system devised by Theobald Boehm are standard in the U.S., Great Britain, and France; those employing an older fingering style are used in Germany and Rus¬ sia. Clarinets of other sizes include the C clarinet, much used in the Clas¬ sical period and often preserved in German orchestration; octave clarinets in A, used in large European bands; and sopranino clarinets in F and later E-flat. The B-flat bass clarinet, with its rich timbre, is the next most fre¬ quently employed member of the clarinet family. Contrabass clarinets are made in E-flat or in B-flat.
Clark, Champ orig. James Beauchamp Clark (b. March 7,1850, near Lawrenceburg, Ky., U.S.—d. March 2,1921, Washington, D.C.) U.S. politician. Clark moved to Missouri in 1876 and settled at Bowling Green. He was successively a newspaper editor, a prosecuting attorney, and a state legislator; he was then elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served 13 terms (1893-95, 1897-1921). A follower of William Jennings Bryan, he supported agrarian measures. As a member of the House rules committee in 1910, he led the revolt against Joseph Cannon and succeeded him as speaker (1911-19). At the 1912 Democratic Party convention, Clark was a leading contender for the presidential nomina¬ tion until Bryan switched his support to Woodrow Wilson.
Clark, Dick in full Richard Wagstaff Clark (b. Nov. 30, 1929, Mount Vernon, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. television personality. He worked as a radio and television announcer before beginning his long engagement as host of the TV show American Bandstand (1956-89), a showcase for popular music. He formed his own production company in 1956 and pro¬ duced over 30 series, 250 specials, and 20 TV movies.
Clark, George Rogers (b. Nov. 19, 1752, Albemarle county, Va.—d. Feb. 13, 1818, near Louisville, Ky., U.S.) Frontier military leader in the American Revolution. The brother of William Clark, he worked as a sur¬ veyor in Kentucky in the mid-1770s. During the Revolution he raised troops and defended the region against the British and Indians. He cap¬ tured settlements along the Mississippi River in the Old Northwest (Illi¬ nois), and in 1780 he helped defeat a British attempt to capture St. Louis. Appointed an Indian commissioner, he helped conclude a treaty with the Shawnee. In 1793 he became involved in the Citizen Genet Affair.
Clark, Helen (b. Feb. 26, 1950, Hamilton, N.Z.) New Zealand prime minister. In 1999 she became the first woman in New Zealand to hold the office of prime minister immediately following an election. She received bachelor’s (1971) and master’s (1974) degrees in political science at the University of Auckland, where she taught from 1973 to 1981.
Elected to Parliament in 1981, she held various cabinet portfolios beginning in 1987. She served as deputy prime minister in 1989-90 and was appointed to the Privy Council in 1990, both firsts for a woman in New Zealand. In 1993 she was elected head of the Labour Party, becoming the first woman in New Zealand to head a major party. In 1999, when the Labour Party was able to form a governing coalition, Clark was elected prime minister.
Clark, James H. (b. 1944, Plainview, Tex., U.S.) U.S. businessman. He dropped out of high school to join the navy. He received his Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Utah and taught at UC-Santa Cruz (1974-78) and Stanford (1979-82). He founded Silicon Graphics in
1981 and served as its chairman 1982-94, building it into a billion-dollar company that produced workstations for graphics-intensive applications. In 1994 he cofounded Netscape Communications, whose graphical inter¬ face Web browser revolutionized the Internet by making it easy to access Internet documents.
Clark (of Saltwood), Kenneth (Mackenzie) Clark, Baron (b.
July 13, 1903, London, Eng.—d. May 21, 1983, Hythe) British art his¬ torian and administrator. Born to a wealthy family, he studied at the Uni¬ versity of Oxford. After two years of study with Bernard Berenson in Florence, he served as keeper of fine art at Oxford’s Ashmolean Museum (1931-34) and director of London’s National Gallery (1934-39). He was involved in academic research and public service for most of his life. He published widely and became internationally known in 1969 as the writer and host of the BBC series Civilisation, a survey of European art from the Middle Ages to the 20th century.
Clark, Mark (Wayne) (b. May 1, 1896, Madison Barracks, N.Y., U.S.—d. April 17, 1984, Charleston, S.C.) U.S. army officer. After gradu¬ ating from West Point, he served in Europe in World War I. In 1942 he was appointed chief of staff of army ground forces. He commanded the U.S. landing at Salerno, Italy, in September 1943 and received the sur¬ render of the government of Pietro Badoglio. He then directed the hard- fought campaign to wrest the Italian peninsula from Axis control, taking Rome in June 1944 and receiving the surrender of the last German forces in northern Italy in May 1945. In the Korean War he commanded all UN troops (1952-53). After his retirement he served as president of The Cita¬ del military college (1954-66).