Clement of Alexandria, Saint Latin Titus Flavius Clemens (b.
150, Athens—d. between 211 and 215, Palestine; Western feast day November 23; Eastern feast day November 24) Christian apologist, mis¬ sionary theologian to the Hellenistic world, and leader of the catechetical school at Alexandria. He was converted to Christianity by Pantaenus, a former Stoic who preceded him as head of the Alexandria school. Clem¬ ent believed that philosophy was for the Greeks what the Law of Moses was for the Jews, a preparatory discipline leading to the truth. He asserted that men lived first as citizens of heaven and second as earthly citizens, and he defended the right of an enslaved people to rebel against its oppres¬ sors. Persecution by the emperor Septimius Severus in 201-202 obliged him to leave Alexandria and take refuge with Alexander, bishop of Jerus¬ alem. He was revered as a saint in the Latin church until 1586, when doubts about his orthodoxy led to the removal of his name from the list of Roman saints.
Clemente \kb-'men-ta\, Roberto (b. Aug. 18, 1934, Carolina, PR.—d. Dec. 31, 1972, off the coast of Puerto Rico) Puerto Rican base¬ ball player. Clemente played in the minor leagues in his native land before joining the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1955. He led the National League in hitting in 1961, 1964, 1965, and 1967, and batted .362 in two World Series (1960, 1970). He was also known for his fielding, throwing, and base stealing. His career was cut short when he died in the crash of an airplane loaded with relief supplies he had collected for Nicaraguan earthquake victims.
Clementi, Muzio (b. Jan. 24,
1752, Rome, Papal States—d. March 10, 1832, Evesham, Worcestershire,
Eng.) Italian-born English pianist, composer, publisher, and manufacturer. Taken to England at age 13 by a wealthy English traveler who had heard his organ playing, he pursued a rigid course of music studies for seven years while living on his patron’s country estate. His keyboard playing and early sonatas gained him renown in London. In 1781 he and Wolf¬ gang A. Mozart competed before the emperor, and he later toured exten¬ sively as conductor and pianist. In 1798 he restarted a successful music¬ publishing and piano-manufacturing firm. His piano pieces were highly influential, and he taught many leading pianists. His works include more than 100 piano sonatas and Gradus ad Parnassum, 3 vol. (1817-26), a popular pedagogical set of 100 diverse piano pieces.
Cleomenes \kle-'a-m9-,nez\ I (d. 491 bc) Spartan king (519-491). An Agiad (descendant from the legendary founders of Sparta), he ruled jointly with Demaratus. In 510 he expelled the tyrant Hippias from Athens, then supported the oligarchic party against the democratic Cleisthenes and
refused to help Athens combat Persia. His policies did much to solidify Sparta’s position as the leading power in the Peloponnesus. He bribed the oracle at Delphi to depose Demaratus, but he was discovered and fled. Though reinstated, he went insane and committed suicide.
Cleomenes III (d. 219 bc) Agiad Spartan king (r. 235-222). Seeking to institute social reforms, in 227 he canceled debts, redistributed land, and restored the training of youth. He abolished the ephors and introduced the patronomoi (board of six elders). His early attempts to weaken the Achaean League (from 229) were successful, but in 222 his army fell at Sellasia to a Macedonian force summoned by the league. He fled to Egypt, where he was imprisoned but escaped (219); having failed to stir up revolt in Alexandria, he committed suicide.
Cleon (d. 422 bc, Amphipolis, Macedonia) Athenian politician. The first prominent representative of the merchant class in Athenian politics, he became leader of Athens in 429 bc after the death of his enemy Pericles. Advocating an offensive strategy in the Peloponnesian War, he proposed that all citizens of the rebellious Mytilene be put to death and its women and children enslaved; the measure passed but was reversed the next day. He reached the summit of his fame when he captured the Spartan island of Sphacteria, but he was killed by the Spartans while trying to retake Thrace.
Cleopatra in full Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (b. 69—d. Aug. 30, 30 bc, Alexandria) Egyptian queen (of Macedonian descent), last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Daughter of Ptolemy XII (b.
112?—d. 51 bc), she ruled with her two brother-husbands, Ptolemy XIII (r. 51^47) and Ptolemy XIV (r.
47^44), both of whom she had killed, and with her son, Ptolemy XV, or Caesarion (r. 44-30). She claimed the latter was fathered by Julius Cae¬ sar, who had become her lover after entering Egypt in 48 bc in pursuit of Pompey. She was with Caesar in Rome when he was assassinated (44), after which she returned to Egypt to install her son on the throne.
She lured Mark Antony, Caesar’s heir apparent, into marriage (36), inviting the wrath of Octavian (later Augustus), whose sister Antony had earlier wed. She schemed against and antagonized Antony’s friend Herod the Great, thereby losing his support. At a magnificent celebration in Alexandria after Antony’s Parthian campaign (36-34), he bestowed Roman lands on his foreign wife and family. Octavian declared war on Cleopatra and Antony and defeated their joint forces at the Battle of Actium (31). Antony committed suicide and, after a failed attempt to beguile Octavian, so, too, did Cleopatra, possibly by means of an asp.
Cleophrades Ude-'a-fro-.dezV Painter or Kleophrades Painter
(fl. late 6th-early 5th century bc, Greece) Greek vase painter. Of unknown identity, he takes his name from that of the potter who signed one of his principal works; he may have been a pupil of Euthymides. He decorated large vases with popular scenes, such as athletic contests and mythologi¬ cal epics, mostly in the red-figure style (see red-figure pottery). Over 100 vessels have been attributed to him.
clepsydra See water clock
clerestory \'klir-,stor-e\ Windowed wall of a room that rises higher than the surrounding roofs to light the interior space. In large buildings, where internal walls are far from the outermost walls, the clerestory provides daylight to spaces that otherwise would be dark and windowless. This device was used in Byzantine and early Christian architecture and most highly developed in Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals. As the nave rose much higher than the roofs of the side aisles, its walls could be pierced by a row of windows near the ceiling.
Clergy, Civil Constitution of the See Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Clergy Reserves Lands set aside for the Church of England in Canada. Established by the Constitutional Act of 1791 “for the support and main¬ tenance of a Protestant clergy,” they amounted to one-seventh of all land
Cleopatra, detail of a bas relief, c. 69-30 bc; in the Temple of Hathor, Dandarah, Egypt.
COURTESY OF THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
418 I Clermont ► climatic adaptation
grants. They became controversial after 1815, as some denominations demanded equal reserves and others argued that the lands should serve general public purposes independent of religion. An imperial act of 1827 allowed for the sale of one-fourth of the reserved land; in 1840 another imperial act forbade the creation of any new reserves. The reserves were finally secularized in 1854.
Clermont \kler-'mo n . Council of (1095) Assembly for church reform called by Pope Urban II. When the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus requested aid against the Muslim Turks, the council became the occasion for launching the First Crusade. Urban thus launched a movement that caught the popular imagination with the idea of retaking Jerusalem.
cleruchy \'klir-9-ke\ In ancient Greece, a body of Athenian citizens in a dependent country holding grants of land awarded by Athens. Athens used the cleruchy to cripple dependent states; plantations took the best land, and the colonizers formed military garrisons. Salamis, captured in the 6th century bc, may have held the earliest cleruchy. Under the Delian League and the Second Athenian League (5th—4th century bc), the cleruchy was a regular instrument of Athenian imperialism. The financial advan¬ tage of being a cleruch encouraged many citizens to leave Athens, reliev¬ ing population pressures.