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Cookstown District (pop., 2001: 32,581), Northern Ireland. In an agri¬ cultural region, it has extensive dairy farming and cattle, poultry, and sheep raising. The town of Cookstown (pop., 1991: 9,842) is the admin¬ istrative centre; it was originally a 17th-century English colonial settle¬ ment named for its founder, Alan Cooke.
Cooley, Charles Horton (b. Aug. 17, 1864, Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.—d. May 8, 1929, Ann Arbor) U.S. sociologist. The son of an emi¬ nent Michigan jurist, Cooley taught sociology at the University of Michi¬ gan from 1894. He believed that the mind is social, that society is a mental construct, and that the moral unity of society derives from face-to-face relationships in primary groups such as the family and neighbourhood. In Human Nature and the Social Order (1902), he referred to this form of social reference as “the looking glass self.” Cooley’s other works include Social Organization (1909) and Social Process (1918).
Coolidge, (John) Calvin (b. July 4, 1872, Plymouth, Vt., U.S.—d. Jan. 5, 1933, Northampton, Mass.) 30th president of the U.S. (1923-29). He practiced law in Massachusetts from 1897 and served as lieutenant governor before being elected governor in 1918. He gained national atten-
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Coolidge ► coordinate system I 461
tion by calling out the state guard during the Boston Police Strike in 1919. At the 1920 Republican con¬ vention, “Silent Cal” was nominated for vice president and elected on a ticket with Warren G. Harding.
When Harding died in office in 1923,
Coolidge became president. He restored confidence in an administra¬ tion discredited by scandals and won the presidential election in 1924, eas¬ ily defeating Democrat John W.
Davis and Progressive Robert La Fol- lette. He vetoed measures to provide farm relief and bonuses to World War I veterans. His presidency was marked by apparent prosperity. Con¬ gress maintained a high protective tariff and instituted tax reductions that favoured capital. Coolidge declined to run for a second term.
His conservative policies of domestic and international inaction have come to symbolize the era between World War I and the Great Depression.
Coolidge, William D(avid) (b. Oct. 23, 1873, Hudson, Mass., U.S.—d. Feb. 3, 1975, Schenectady, N.Y.) U.S. engineer and physical chemist. He taught at MIT (1897, 1901-05) before joining the General Electric Research Laboratory, where in 1908 he perfected a process to render tungsten ductile and therefore more suitable for incandescent light- bulbs. In 1916 he patented a revolutionary X-ray tube capable of produc¬ ing highly predictable amounts of radiation; it was the prototype of the modern X-ray tube. With Irving Langmuir, he also developed the first suc¬ cessful submarine-detection system.
cooling system Apparatus used to keep the temperature of a structure or device from exceeding limits imposed by needs of safety and efficiency. In a mechanical transmission, the oil loses its lubricating capacity if over¬ heated; in a hydraulic coupling or converter, the fluid leaks under the pressure created. In an electric motor, overheating causes deterioration of the insulation. In an overheated internal-combustion engine, the pistons may seize in the cylinders. The cooling agents customarily employed are air and a liquid (usually water), either alone or in combination. In some cases, direct contact with ambient air (free convection) may be sufficient, as in cooling towers; in other cases, it may be necessary to employ forced convection, created either by a fan or by the natural motion of the hot body. Cooling systems are used in automobiles, industrial plant machin¬ ery, nuclear reactors, and many other types of machinery. See also air CONDITIONING, HEAT EXCHANGER.
Coomassie See Kumasi coon cat See Maine coon cat
Cooper, Alfred Duff, 1 st Viscount Norwich of Aldwick (b.
Feb. 22, 1890—d. Jan. 1, 1954) British politician. He served as a Con¬ servative in Parliament (1924-29 and 1931—45). After a stint as secretary of state for war (1935-37), he became first lord of the Admiralty (1937) but resigned to protest the Munich agreement. Later he served as minister of information under Winston Churchill (1940^11) and as ambassador to France (1944-47). His books include Talleyrand, Haig , and his autobi¬ ography, Old Men Forget.
Cooper, Gary orig. Frank James Cooper (b. May 7, 1901, Hel¬ ena, Mont., U.S.—d. May 13, 1961, Los Angeles, Calif.) U.S. film actor. He moved to Hollywood in 1924 and played minor roles in low-budget westerns before becoming a star with The Virginian (1929). Lanky and handsome, he played the strong, soft-spoken man of action in films such as A Farewell to Arms (1932), Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Beau Geste (1939), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941, Academy Award), and The Fountainhead (1949). His performance in High Noon (1952, Academy Award) is considered his finest. His later films include Friendly Persuasion (1956) and Love in the Afternoon (1957).
Cooper, Dame Gladys (b. Dec. 18, 1888, Lewisham, London, Eng.—d. Nov. 17, 1971, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire) British actress. After her London debut in 1906, she performed in musicals and dramas, including The Importance of Being Earnest (1911). She was comanager
of London’s Playhouse Theatre (1917-27) and then its sole manager (1927-33). Her appearance in The Second Mrs. Tanqueray (1922) made her a star. She made her U.S. stage debut in The Shining Hour (1934) and later acted in Relative Values (1951) and The Chalk Garden (1955). She personified British poise in U.S. films such as Now, Voyager (1942) and Separate Tables (1958).
Cooper, James Fenimore (b. Sept. 15, 1789, Burlington, N.J., U.S.—d. Sept. 14, 1851, Cooperstown, N.Y.) The first major U.S. nov¬ elist. Cooper grew up in a prosperous family in the settlement of Coo¬ perstown, founded by his father. The Spy (1821), set during the American Revolution, brought him fame. His best-known novels, the series The Leatherstocking Tales, feature the frontier adventures of the wilderness scout Natty Bumppo and include The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1827), The Pathfinder (1840), and The Deerslayer (1841). He also wrote popular sea novels, notably The Pilot (1823), and a history of the U.S. Navy (1839). Though internationally celebrated, he was troubled by lawsuits and political conflicts in his later years, and his popularity and income declined.
Cooper, Leon N(eil) (b. Feb. 28, 1930, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. physicist. He taught at Ohio State University (1954-58) and Brown Uni¬ versity (from 1958). For his role in developing the BCS theory of super¬ conductivity, he shared the 1972 Nobel Prize for Physics with John Bardeen and J. Robert Schrieffer (b. 1931). His principal contribution to the theory was his discovery of Cooper electron pairs (1956), electrons that repel each other under normal conditions but are attracted to each other in superconductors.
Cooper, Peter (b. Feb. 12, 1791, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. April 4, 1883, New York City) U.S. inventor. Cooper became involved with the Canton Iron Works, built to supply the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co., for which he devised and built the diminutive but powerful Tom Thumb locomotive. His factory at Trenton, N.J., produced the first structural-iron beams for buildings. He supported the Atlantic-cable project of Cyrus Field (1819-92) and became president of the North American Telegraph Co. His inventions include a washing machine, a compressed-air engine for ferry boats, and a waterpower device for moving canal barges. A social idealist and reformer, he founded the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in 1859.