d'Alembert, Jean Le R. See Jean Le Rond d’ALEMBERT
Daley, Richard J(oseph) (b. May 15, 1902, Chicago, Ill., U.S.—d. Dec. 20, 1976, Chicago) U.S. politician, mayor of Chicago (1955-76). A lawyer in his native Chicago, Daley served as state director of revenue (1948-50) and clerk of Cook county (1950-55) before being elected mayor. He pushed urban renewal and highway construction and a sweep¬ ing reform of the police department, but he was criticized for failing to eliminate racial segregation in housing and public schools, for promoting downtown skyscraper construction, and for police brutality committed against demonstrators at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. His tight control of city politics through job patronage won him a reputation as “the last of the big-city bosses.” His last years were marred by scan¬ dals surrounding members of his administration. His son Richard M. Daley (b. 1942) was first elected mayor of Chicago in 1989.
Dalhousie \dal-'hau-ze\, James Andrew Broun Ramsay, mar¬ quess of (b. April 22, 1812, Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian, Scot.—d. Dec. 19, 1860, Dalhousie Castle) British governor-general of India (1847- 56). He entered Parliament in 1837 and later served as president of the Board of Trade, gaining a reputation for administrative efficiency. As governor-general of India he acquired territory by both peaceful and mili¬ tary means. Though he created the map of modem India through his annexations of independent provinces, his greatest achievement was the molding of these provinces into a modern centralized state. He developed
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Dalhousie University ► Dalton I 507
a modern communication and trans¬ portation system and instituted social reforms. He left India in 1856, but his controversial policy of annex¬ ation was considered a contributing factor to the Indian Mutiny (1857).
Dalhousie University Privately endowed university in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It was founded in 1818 as Dalhousie College by the 9th earl of Dalhousie, then lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia, and became a university in 1863. It is organized into faculties of arts, sci¬ ence, management, architecture, engineering, computer science, law, medicine, dentistry, health profes¬ sions, and graduate studies.
Dali \'da-le,\ Spanish \da-'le\ (y Domenech), Salvador (Felipe Jacinto) (b. May 11, 1904,
Figueras, Spain—d. Jan. 23, 1989,
Figueras) Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, and designer. He studied in Madrid and Barcelona before moving to Paris, where, in the late 1920s, after reading Sigmund Freud’s writings on the erotic significance of subconscious imagery, he joined the Surrealist group of artists. Once Dali hit on this method, his painting style matured with extraordinary rapidity, and from 1929 to 1937 he produced the paintings that made him the world’s best-known Surrealist artist. His paintings depict a dream world in which commonplace objects, painted with meticulous realism, are juxtaposed, deformed, or metamorphosed in bizarre ways. In his most famous painting, The Persistence of Memory (1931), limp watches melt in an eerie landscape. With Luis Bunuel he made the Surrealist films Un Chien andalou (1928) and L’Age d’or (1930). Expelled from the Surrealist movement when he adopted a more academic style, he later designed stage sets, jewelry, interiors, and book illustra¬ tions. His highly accessible art—and the publicity attracted by the eccen¬ tricity, exhibitionism, and flamboyant behaviour he cultivated throughout his life—made him extremely wealthy.
"Dali Atomicus," or Dali with everything in suspension, photograph by Philippe Halsman, 1948
© PHIUPPE HALSMAN
Dalian Vda-'lyen\ or Ta-lien formerly (1950-81) Luda Ylte-'daV or Lu-ta Japanese and conventional Dairen \'dl-'ren\ City (pop., 2003 est.: 2,181,600) and deepwater port on the Liaodong Peninsula, Liaoning prov¬ ince, China. Leased to Russia in 1898, it was made a free port and ter¬ minus of the Chinese Eastern Railway (1899). The Japanese occupied it (1904) during the Russo-Japanese War, and the lease was transferred to Japan by treaty in 1905. Soviet troops captured the city in 1945, but by
a Chinese-Soviet treaty it remained under Chinese sovereignty with pref¬ erential rights to the port for the U.S.S.R.; Soviet troops withdrew in 1955. It annexed neighbouring Lushun in 1950. Industries include fishing, ship¬ building, oil refining, and the manufacture of locomotives, machine tools, textiles, and chemicals.
Dallapiccola \ l dal-la-pek- , ko-la\ / Luigi (b. Feb. 3, 1904, Pisino, Istria, Austrian Empire—d. Feb. 19, 1975, Florence) Croatian-born Italian com¬ poser. Originally influenced by the music of Claude Debussy, he later was strongly affected by that of Arnold Schoenberg, and he became the lead¬ ing Italian 12-tone composer. His Songs of Prison (1941) was inspired by the experience of fascism, as was his opera The Prisoner (1948). Other important works include the operas Night Flight (1939), Job (1950), and Ulisse (1968).
Dallas City (pop., 2000: 1,188,580), north-central Texas, U.S. Located on the Trinity River, it was first settled in 1841 and was most likely named for either Joseph Dallas or George Mifflin Dallas. While cotton fed the town’s growth, the discovery in 1930 of the great East Texas oil field made the city a major centre of the petroleum industry. It saw spectacular growth after World War II, when several large aircraft-manufacturing firms located in the area. These were followed by electronics and automobile- assembly plants. It is the headquarters of many insurance companies and the Southwest’s leading financial centre, as well as a transportation hub. Its many educational institutions include Southern Methodist University (founded 1911). It is known for its cultural activities including opera, bal¬ let, and symphony concerts. The city is also home to the Kalita Hum¬ phreys Theater, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
Dallas, George Mifflin (b. July 10, 1792, Philadelphia, Pa.—d. Dec. 31, 1864, Philadelphia) U.S. politician. He was the son of Alexander J. Dallas, who served as secretary of the treasury (1814-16). He completed an unexpired term as U.S. senator (1831-33) and later served as minister to Russia (1835-39). He was elected vice president under James K. Polk (1845-49). As minister to Britain (1856—61), he obtained a renunciation of Britain’s claimed right to search vessels on the high seas. Dallas, Texas, was named for him.
Dalmatia \dal-'ma-sh3\ Serbo-Croatian Dalmacija \,dal-'mat-se-ya\ Region of Croatia. Comprising a coastal strip and islands along the Adri¬ atic Sea, it is divided from the interior by the Dinaric Alps. Its scenic beauty has made tourism a major economic factor; Dubrovnik and Split are Mediterranean tourist attractions. Occupied by Illyrians from c. 1000 bc, it was colonized by Greeks from the 4th century bc and controlled by Rome 2nd-5th century ad. Under Venetian rule in 1420, it passed to Aus¬ tria after the fall of Napoleon. Most of Dalmatia came under Yugoslavia in 1920. Annexed by Italy during World War II, it passed to Yugoslavia in 1947 as part of the Croatian republic.