Liberty Leading the People, oil on canvas by Eugene Delacroix, 1830; in the Lou¬ vre, Paris.
GIRAUDON/ART RESOURCE, NEW YORK CITY
Delagoa Bay V.del-o-'go-oV Bay, southeastern coast of Mozambique. Some 19 mi (31 km) long and 16 mi (26 km) wide, with Inhaca Island, a tourist resort, at its mouth, it also is the site of Maputo, the nation’s capital. First explored by the Portuguese in 1544, it was important as an outlet for ivory and slaves, a way station for Indian Ocean trade, and a route to the South African diamond mines and goldfields. Ownership was
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528 I DeLancey ► Deledda
contested by the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and Boers until it was awarded by arbitration to Portugal in 1875.
DeLancey, James (b. Nov. 27, 1703, New York, N.Y.—d. July 30, 1760, New York City) American administrator and jurist. He was sent to Cambridge and later studied law in London. Returning to New York, he became a member of the governor’s council in 1729 and a judge of the colony’s supreme court in 1731. As chief justice (1733), he presided at the libel trial of John Peter Zenger. He opposed the royal governor, George Clinton, and used his influence in England to obtain Clinton’s recall in 1753. He later served as lieutenant governor (1753-55, 1757-60).
Delano, Jane A(rminda) (b. March 12, 1862, Montour Falls, N.Y., U.S.—d. April 15, 1919, Savenay, Fr.) U.S. nurse and educator. She became superintendant of nurses in Jacksonville, Fla., where she used mosquito netting to prevent the spread of yellow fever even before the mosquito was known to carry it. In Bisbee, Ariz., she established a hos¬ pital for miners with scarlet fever. She oversaw the enlistment of over 20,000 U.S. nurses for overseas duty during World War I.
Delany, Martin R(obison) (b. May 6, 1812, Charles Town, Virginia, U.S.—d. Jan. 24, 1885, Xenia, Ohio) U.S. abolitionist and physician. After working in Pittsburgh, Pa., as a doctor’s assistant, he founded a newspaper, Mystery, in the 1840s to publicize the grievances of blacks; he later copublished the North Star (1846-49) with Frederick Douglass. One of the first blacks admitted to Harvard Medical School (1850-51), he later practiced in Pittsburgh. He developed a strong interest in foreign colonization by black Americans and went to Africa to investigate sites. He moved to Canada in 1856 and returned early in the American Civil War to recruit for the 54th Massachusetts Volunteers, for which he also served as surgeon. He was made a major, the first black to receive a regular army commission. He later served in the Freedmen's Bureau.
Delany, Samuel R(ay) (b. April 1, 1942, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. science-fiction novelist and critic. Born into a distinguished African American family, he attended the City College of New York and pub¬ lished his first novel in 1962. His highly imaginative works, which gar¬ nered wide critical admiration, address racial and social issues, sexuality, heroic quests, and the nature of language. Dhalgren (1975), his most con¬ troversial novel, tells of a young bisexual man searching for identity in a large, decaying city. Other works include the novels Babel-17 (1966, Nebula Award), The Einstein Intersection (1967, Nebula Award), and Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand (1984), and scripts for film, radio, and Wonder Woman comic books. Among his nonfiction works are Longer Views: Extended Essays (1996) and Shorter Views: Queer Thoughts and the Politics of the Paraliterary (1999).
Delaunay \d3-lo-'na\, Robert (b. April 12, 1885, Paris, Fr.—d. Oct.
25, 1941, Montpellier) French
painter. He spent his early career as a part-time designer of stage scenery and came under the influence of Neo-Impressionism, Fauvism, and Cub¬ ism. In 1909-11 his colour experi¬ ments culminated in a series of paintings of the Eiffel Tower, which combined fragmented Cubist forms with dynamic movement and vibrant colour. The introduction of bright colour to Cubism—a style that came to be known as Orphism— distinguished his work from that of the more orthodox Cubist painters and influenced the artists of Der Blaue Reiter. With his wife, the Ukrainian-born painter and textile designer Sonia Terk Delaunay (1885-1979), he painted abstract mural decorations for the 1937 Paris Exposition.
Delaware State (pop., 2000:
783,600), middle Atlantic region,
U.S. It lies on the Atlantic Ocean and is bordered by Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland. Covering
2,026 sq mi (5,247 sq km), its capital is Dover. Originally inhabited by Algonquian tribes, Delaware’s first permanent white settlement was by Swedes at Fort Christina, now Wilmington, in 1638. In 1655 New Sweden was taken by the Dutch of New Amsterdam and in 1664 by the English. Delaware was thereafter a part of New York until 1682, when it was ceded to William Penn. It was governed by Pennsylvania until 1776, although it was granted its own assembly in 1704. The first state to ratify the U.S. Con¬ stitution in 1787, it is the nation’s second smallest state but one of its most densely populated. Chemical manufacturing is the major industry, fol¬ lowed by food processing. Delaware’s most important transportation artery is the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, deepened for ocean shipping, which shortens the water route between Philadelphia and Baltimore.
Delaware or Lenape \le-'na-pa\ Confederation of North American Indians living mostly in Oklahoma, U.S. Thousands more live in Wis¬ consin and Kansas, U.S., and in Ontario, Can. They speak a language of the Algonquian family. They once occupied the Atlantic seaboard from southern Delaware to western Long Island, especially the Delaware River valley, for which the confederation was named. To other Algonquian divi¬ sions, the Lenape were the “grandfathers,” believed to be the original tribe from which all others sprang, and they were highly respected. They depended primarily on agriculture but also hunted and fished. They were grouped in three clans based on maternal descent; these were in turn divided into lineages, whose members lived together in a longhouse. They were governed by a council of lineage sachems (chiefs), who directed the public affairs of the community; the eldest woman of the lineage appointed the sachem. The Delaware were the Indians most friendly to William Penn; they were rewarded by the infamous Walking Purchase, a treaty that deprived them of their own lands and forced them to settle on lands assigned to the Iroquois. After 1690 they drifted westward. They sided with the French in the French and Indian War (1754-63) and helped defeat the British general Edward Braddock. In 1867 most of the remain¬ ing Delaware were removed to Oklahoma. Some 8,300 people claimed sole Delaware descent in the 2000 U.S. census.
Delaware Bay Inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. Forming part of the New Jersey-Delaware state border, it extends southeast for 52 mi (84 km) from the junction of the Delaware River with Alloway Creek to its entrance between Cape May and Cape Henlopen. Bordered by marshy lowlands, the bay is an important link in the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway.
Delaware River River in Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York, U.S. Formed by the junction of its eastern and western branches in southern New York, it flows about 405 mi (650 km) to empty into the Atlantic Ocean at Delaware Bay. Navigable to Trenton, N.J., it is spanned by the Commodore Barry Bridge, completed in 1974.
Delbruck Vdel-.briekV Max (b. Sept. 4, 1906, Berlin, Ger.—d. March 9, 1981, Pasadena, Calif., U.S.) German-born U.S. biologist. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Gottingen in 1930, and in 1937 he immi¬ grated to the U.S., where he joined the California Institute of Technology faculty. In 1939 he discovered a one-step process for growing bacterioph¬ ages that would induce a phage, after an hour of inactivity, to multiply to produce several hundred thousands of progeny. In 1946 he and A.D. Her- shey independently discovered that the genetic material of different kinds of viruses can combine to create new types of viruses, a process previously believed to be limited to higher, sexually reproducing forms of life. In 1969 he shared a Nobel Prize with Hershey and their colleague Salvador Luria.