plant or in small clusters, range in colour from white to purple. The two leaves, borne at the base of the plant, often are covered with white or brown spots. The common dogtooth violet of North America, E. ameri- canum, has yellow flowers and brown-mottled leaves. Several species are grown as rock-garden ornamentals.
dogwood Shrubs, trees, and herbaceous plants of the genus Cornus, in the dogwood family (Cornaceae), found in temperate and warm tem¬ perate zones and on tropical moun¬ tains. The family is noted for its woody ornamental species native to both coasts of North America and to eastern Asia and Europe. Some members, such as the flowering dog¬ wood ( Cornus florida), are chiefly ornamental; the European cornelian cherry (C. mas), also an ornamental, has edible fruit; others yield wood for furniture. In the flowering dog¬ woods, flowers are small; the con¬ spicuously expanded structures are coloured bracts that surround the cluster of true flowers.
Doha Vdo-hoX Arabic Al- Dawhah \ad-'dau-h9\ City (pop.,
1997: 264,009), capital of Qatar.
Located on the east coast of the Qatar Peninsula, it contains about three-fifths of the country’s population. Long a centre of pirate activity in the Persian Gulf, Doha was a small vil¬ lage when it became the capital of newly independent Qatar in 1971. The city has been thoroughly modernized. Its Government House (1969) was built on reclaimed waterfront land; its water supply is obtained by distill¬ ing seawater. The deepwater port, built in the 1970s, accommodates oceangoing vessels.
Doherty, Peter Charles (b. Oct. 15, 1940, Australia) Australian immunologist and pathologist. He earned a Ph.D. at the University of Edinburgh. With Rolf M. Zinkernagel, he found that T cells from mice infected with a meningitis virus destroyed virus-infected cells only from the same strain of mice, and he showed that T cells must recognize two signals on an infected cell—one from the virus and one from the cell’s own antigens—to destroy it. For the new understanding of general cel¬ lular immune mechanisms enabled by their research, the two men shared a 1996 Nobel Prize.
Dole, Bob in full Robert Joseph Dole (b. July 22, 1923, Russell, Kan., U.S.) U.S. politician. Seriously wounded while fighting in World War II, he recovered from near-total paralysis but permanently lost the use of his right arm and hand. He returned to Kansas, earned a law degree, and held state elective office as a Republican before serving in the U.S. House of Representatives (1961-69) and the Senate (1969-96). He was the running mate of Pres. Gerald R. Ford in 1976. In 1984 Dole became Republican Party leader in the Senate, and he twice served as majority leader (1984-86, 1994-96). After clinching his party’s nomination for president in 1996, he retired from the Senate to devote himself wholly to the campaign. He was defeated in the election by Democrat Bill Clinton. His wife, Elizabeth Hanford Dole (bom 1936), ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination in 2000 but was elected to the U.S. Senate from North Carolina in 2002.
Dole, Sanford Ballard (b. April 23, 1844, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands—d. June 9, 1926, Honolulu) Hawaiian politician. The son of U.S. missionaries, he served in Hawaii’s legislature (1884-87) and on its supreme court (1887-93). He led the committee formed by local sugar interests that overthrew Queen Liliuokalani ( 1 893) and sought annexation by the U.S.; he then served as the first president of the Republic of Hawaii (1894-1900). Though U.S. Pres. Grover Cleveland demanded the queen’s restoration, Dole pressed successfully for annexation (1900) and after¬ ward served as governor of the Territory of Hawaii (1900-03). He later became a federal district judge (1903-15).
dolerite See diabase
Dolin, Sir Anton orig. Sydney F.P.C. Healey-Kay (b. July 27, 1904, Slinfold, Sussex, Eng.—d. Nov. 25, 1983, Paris, Fr.) British dancer
Flowers of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida)
J.C. ALLEN AND SON
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doline ► domain name I 559
and choreographer. In 1921 he joined the Ballets Russes, where he created leading roles as a soloist. In the 1930s and 1940s he helped form several ballet companies; in 1949 he and his partner Alicia Markova founded the forerunner of London’s Festival Ballet, of which he was artistic director and premier dancer until 1961. He created leading roles in Le Train bleu. Job, and Bluebeard, choreographed works such as Capriccioso (1940), The Romantic Age (1942), and Variations for Four (1957), and wrote sev¬ eral books on dance.
doline See sinkhole
doll Small-scale figure of a human being or animal, used especially as a child’s plaything. The doll is perhaps humankind’s oldest toy. Some ancient dolls may have served reli¬ gious or magical functions—as do voodoo (see vodun) dolls in modern times. Dolls were buried in children’s graves in Egypt, Greece, and Rome and in early Christian catacombs. In Europe dolls have been commer¬ cially manufactured since about the 16th century. Doll heads were made of wood, terra-cotta, alabaster, and wax, while the bodies were made of carved wood or leather stuffed with sawdust. In about 1820 glazed porce¬ lain (Dresden) doll heads and unglazed bisque (ceramic) heads became popular. These were sup¬ planted in the 20th century by molded plastic. In Japan, dolls are used as traditional festival figures. In India, elaborately dressed dolls were given to child brides by both Hindus and Muslims. Today both antique and modern dolls are often collected.
Dollar Diplomacy U.S. foreign policy created by Pres. William H.
Taft to ensure financial stability in a region in exchange for favourable treatment of U.S. commercial interests.The policy grew out of Pres. The¬ odore Roosevelt’s peaceful intervention in the Dominican Republic, where U.S. loans had been exchanged for the right to choose the head of cus¬ toms (the country’s major revenue source). Taft’s secretary of state. Phi¬ lander Knox carried out Dollar Diplomacy in Central America (1909) and China (1910). Pres. Woodrow Wilson repudiated the policy in 1913. The term has become a disparaging reference to the manipulation of foreign affairs for economic ends.
Dollfuss \'dol-,fUs\, Engelbert (b. Oct. 4, 1892, Texing, Austro- Hungarian Empire—d. July 25,1934, Vienna, Austria) Austrian politician. He rose rapidly in Austrian politics to become chancellor in 1932. Opposed to the Nazis, he welcomed Benito Mussolini as an ally, convert¬ ing Austria virtually into an Italian satellite state. In 1933 he abolished the parliament and established an authoritarian regime based on conser¬ vative Roman Catholic and Italian Fascist principles. In 1934 after para¬ military groups loyal to him crushed Austria’s Social Democrats, he issued a new constitution establishing a dictatorship. Germany soon incited the Austrian Nazis to civil war, and Dollfuss was assassinated in a raid on the chancellery.
Dollond Vdal-sndX, John and George (respectively b. June 10, 1706, London, Eng.—d. Nov. 30, 1761, London; b. Jan. 25, 1774, London—d. May 13, 1852, London) British optical scientists. John devel¬ oped an achromatic (non-colour-distorting) refracting telescope and a prac¬ tical heliometer (a telescope that measures the Sun’s diameter and the angles between celestial bodies). His grandson George worked most of his life for the family firm of instrument makers, inventing various pre¬ cision instruments used in astronomy, geodesy, and navigation. His micrometer made of rock crystal was used by astronomers; his atmospheric recorder simultaneously measured and recorded on paper tape tempera¬ ture, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, evaporation, and electrical phenomena.
dolmen Vdol-monN Prehistoric monument usually consisting of several large stone slabs set edgewise in the earth to support a flat stone roof, all
covered by a mound of earth that in most cases has weathered away.
Designed as a burial chamber, the structure is typical of the Neolithic Period in Europe. Dolmens, though found as far east as Japan, are mainly confined to western Europe and northern Africa. See also megalith;