MENHIR.
Dolmetsch \'dal- l mech\ / (Eu- gene) Arnold (b. Feb. 24, 1858,
Le Mans, France—d. Feb. 28, 1940,
Haslemere, Surrey, Eng.) French- bom British music scholar and performer. He moved to England after studying violin with Henri Vieuxtemps (1820-81). There he began col¬ lecting, repairing, and learning to play old instruments. He built copies of old lutes, clavichords, harpsichords, and recorders, ultimately involv¬ ing his wife and children in the performance and promulgation of early music. His Interpretation of Music of the 17th and 18th Centuries (1915) was highly influential, and he is regarded as the father of the 20th-century early music revival.
dolomite Type of limestone, the carbonate fraction of which is domi¬ nated by the mineral dolomite, calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(C0 3 ) 2 . The carbonate mineral dolomite occurs in marbles, talc schists, and other magnesium-rich metamorphic rocks. It occurs in hydro- thermal veins, in cavities in carbonate rocks, and less often in various sedimentary rocks as a cement. It is most common as a rock-forming mineral in carbonate rocks.
Dolomites Vdo-lo-.mltsV Italian Alpi Dolomitiche Val-pe-do-lo-'me- te-ke\ Mountain group, northern Italian Alps. Including a number of impressive peaks, 18 of which rise to more than 10,000 ft (3,050 m), the range and its characteristic rock are named for the 18th-century French geologist Dieudonne Dolomieu, who made the first scientific study of the region. The mountains are formed of light-colored dolomitic limestone, which erosion has carved into grotesque shapes. Popular with tourists and mountain-climbers, the area has a number of resort towns.
dolphin One of a large group of small, gregarious, streamlined whales or one of two species of oceanic sport and food fishes. Mammalian dolphins are small toothed whales, usually with a well-defined, beaklike snout. (They are sometimes called porpoises, but that name is properly reserved for a blunt-snouted whale family.) The common dolphin ( Del- phinus delphis) and the bottlenose dolphin, both of the family Delphin- idae, are found widely in warm tem¬ perate seas, though some inhabit tropical rivers. Most of the 32 del- phinid species are marine; gray, blackish or brown above and pale below; and about 3-13 ft (1^1 m) long. River dolphins (family Pla- tanistidae; five species) live mainly in fresh water in South America and Asia. One of the two fish species,
Coryphaena hippuras (family Coryphaenidae), also called mahimahi and dorado, is a popular fish of tropical and temperate waters worldwide. The pompano dolphin (C. equiselis ) is similar. See also killer whale.
Domagk \'do-,mak\ / Gerhard (b. Oct. 30, 1895, Lagow, Branden¬ burg, Ger.—d. April 24, 1964, Burgberg, near Konigsfeld, W.Ger.) Ger¬ man bacteriologist and pathologist. While director of the Bayer Laboratory for Experimental Pathology and Bacteriology, Domagk noticed the antibacterial action of a dye, Prontosil red, against strepto¬ coccal infection in mice. Found to be an effective treatment in humans, Prontosil became the first sulfonamide drug. Awarded a Nobel Prize in 1939, Domagk was unable to accept it at the time because of Nazi policy. He also was active in research on tuberculosis and cancer.
domain name Address of a computer, organization, or other entity on a TCP/IP network such as the Internet. Domain names are typically in a
Painted wooden Egyptian doll, 2000
BC.
COURTESY OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
Dolmen at Pentre Evan, Dyfed, Wales
CROWN COPYRIGHT: CADW: WELSH HISTORIC MONUMENTS
Bottle-nosed dolphins (Tursiops trunca- tus)
COURTESY OF THE MIAMI SEAQUARIUM
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
560 I Dombrowska ► domestic service
three-level “server.organization.type” format. The top level denotes the type of organization, such as “com” (for commercial sites) or “edu” (for educational sites); the second level is the top level plus the name of the organization (e.g., “britannica.com” for Encyclopaedia Britannica); and the third level identifies a specific host server at the address, such as the “www” (World Wide Web) host server for “www.britannica.com”. A domain name is ultimately mapped to an IP address, but two or more domain names can be mapped to the same IP address. A domain name must be unique on the Internet, and must be assigned by a registrar accred¬ ited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). See also URL.
Dombrowska, Maria See Maria Dabrowska
dome In architecture, a hemispherical structure evolved from the arch, forming a ceiling or roof. Domes first appeared on round huts and tombs in the ancient Middle East, India, and the Mediterranean in forms, such as solid mounds, adaptable only to the smallest buildings. The Romans intro¬ duced the large-scale masonry hemisphere. A dome exerts thrust all around its perimeter, and the earliest monumental examples (see Pantheon) required heavy supporting walls. Byzantine architects invented a technique for raising domes on piers, making the transition from a cubic base to the hemisphere by four pendentives. Bulbous or pointed domes were widely used in Islamic architecture. The design spread to Russia, where it gained great popularity in the form of the onion dome, a pointed, domelike roof structure. The modern geodesic dome, developed by R. Buckminster Fuller, is fabricated of lightweight triangular framing that distributes stresses within the structure itself. See illustration opposite.
Dome of the Rock or Mosque of Omar Oldest existing Islamic monument. It is located on Temple Mount, previously the site of the Temple of Jerusalem. The rock over which it is built is sacred to both Mus¬ lims and Jews. In Islam, Muhammad is believed to have ascended into heaven from the site. In Judaism it is the site where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac. Built in 685-91 as a place of pilgrimage, the octagonal building has richly decorated walls and a gold-overlaid dome mounted above a circle of piers and columns.
Domenichino N.do-ma-ne-'ke-noV orig. Domenico Zampieri (b.
Oct. 1581, Bologna, Papal States—d. April 6, 1641, Naples)
Italian painter. He was trained in the academy of Lodovico Carracci in Bologna. In 1602 he joined the Bolognese artists in Rome working under Annibale Carracci in the deco¬ ration of the Famese Palace. His work, done in the Baroque Classical style, is marked by lucid and bal¬ anced compositions, even and serene lighting and subdued colours, and the sober expressions and restrained gestures of its figures. He became Rome’s leading painter and had a succession of major decorative com¬ missions. He was an outstanding draftsman and portraitist; his paint¬ ings were regarded as second only to those of I^phael throughout the 17th—18th centuries and had great influence on Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain.
Domenico Veneziano \d6-'ma- ne-ko-vo-.net-se-'a-noV (b. c. 1410,
Venice, Republic of Venice—d. May 15, 1461, Florence, Republic of Flo¬ rence) Italian painter. He was active mainly in Florence, where he settled c. 1439. Two signed works survive: fresco fragments of the Virgin and Child from a street tabernacle (1430s) and the altarpiece for the church of Santa Lucia dei Magnoli, called the St. Lucy Altarpiece (c. 1445), one of the outstanding Florentine early Renaissance paintings of the mid 15th century and Domenico’s most suc¬ cessful experiment in rendering outdoor light. He used colour and texture as the basis of perspective and composition; his influence can be seen in the work of Alesso Baldovinetti.
A dome is traditionally supported primarily by a cylindrical or polygonal drum; it may be surmounted by a cupola, which may have a lantern to admit light. The classic hemispherical dome has a circular base and semicircular section; the poly¬ hedral dome has segments resting on a polyhedral base and meeting at the top; the onion dome rests on a circular base and has an ogee section.