thought to have been constructed from its ruins. The town is now a mar¬ ketplace serving an extensive rural area. Thomas Hardy was born near Dorchester, the “Casterbridge” of his Wessex novels.
Dorchester (of Dorchester), Guy Carleton, 1st Baron (b.
Sept. 3, 1724, Strabane, County Tyrone, Ire.—d. Nov. 10, 1808, Stub- bings, Berkshire, Eng.) Irish soldier-statesman. In 1759 he was sent to Canada, where he fought in the Battle of Quebec. He served as lieuten¬ ant governor (1766-68) and governor (1768-78) of Quebec province. His conciliatory policies toward the French Canadians led to passage of the Quebec Act of 1774. He helped repel the attack on Quebec by American Revolutionary forces in 1775. He was appointed commander of British forces in North America in 1782 and then governor in chief of British North America (1786-96).
Dordogne River \d6r-'don y \ ancient Duranius. River, southwestern France. Rising in the Massif Central and flowing west for 293 mi (472 km), it unites with the Garonne River north of Bordeaux to form the Gironde Estuary. It then flows through the spa resorts of Monts Dore in the Puy-de-Dome. The river is a source for hydroelectric power.
Dore \do-'ra\, Gustave (-Paul) (b. Jan. 6, 1832, Strasbourg, France—d. Jan. 23, 1883, Paris) French printmaker. In 1847 he went to Paris and began producing lithographic caricatures for a weekly journal and several albums of lithographs (1847-54). He achieved fame and wide popularity with his wood-engraved book illustrations; among the finest were editions of Dante’s Inferno (1861) and the Bible (1866). His vivid work is characterized by images of the grotesque and bizarre. Employing over 40 block cutters, he eventually produced more than 90 illustrated books.
Doren, Carl and Mark Van See Carl and Mark Van Doren
Dorgon Vd6r-,gan\ Chinese Chengzong or Ch'eng-tsung
Vcheq-'dzurjV (b. Nov. 7, 1612, Yenden, Manchuria—d. Dec. 31, 1650, Kharahotu) Prince of the Manchu people, instrumental in founding the Qing (Manchu) dynasty in China. He joined his former enemy Wu Sangui in driving the Chinese rebel Li Zicheng from Beijing, where Li had already unseated the last Ming-dynasty emperor. Though some wanted to put Dor¬ gon on the throne, he saw to it that his nephew Fu-lin was proclaimed emperor (Dorgon acted as regent); this loyalty and selflessness won him the high regard of future historians.
Doria Vd6r-ya\, Andrea (b. Nov. 30, 1466, Oneglia, Duchy of Milan—d. Nov. 25, 1560, Genoa)
Genoese statesman, mercenary, and admiral, the foremost naval com¬ mander of his time. A member of an aristocratic family, he was orphaned at an early age and became a soldier of fortune. In 1522 he entered the service of Francis I, who was fight¬ ing Emperor Charles V in Italy. Doria later transferred his services to Charles and in 1528 drove the French out of Genoa. He became the new ruler of Genoa and reorganized its government into an effective and stable oligarchy. He commanded several naval expeditions against the Turks and helped Charles V extend his domination over the Italian pen¬ insula. Though greedy and authori¬ tarian, Doria was also a fearless commander with outstanding tactical and strategic talents.
Dorian Any member of a major division of the ancient Greeks. Com¬ ing from the north and northwest, they conquered the Peloponnese c. 1100- 1000 bc, overran the remnants of the Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations, and ushered in a dark age that lasted almost three centuries, until the rise of the Greek city-states. They had their own dialect and were organized into three tribes. Patterns of settlement determined their alliances in later Greek conflicts. To Greek culture they gave the Doric order of architec¬ ture, the tragic choral lyric, and a militarized aristocratic government. They assimilated into Greek societies in some cases, but in Sparta and Crete they held power and resisted cultural advancement.
Andrea Doria, detail of a portrait by Sebastiano del Piombo; in the Doria Palace, Rome.
AUNARI/ART RESOURCE, NEW VORK
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566 I dormer ► double-aspect theory
dormer Window set vertically in a structure that projects from a slop¬ ing roof. It often illuminates a bedroom. In the late Gothic and early Renaissance periods, elaborate masonry dormers were designed. Dormers were used along with the mansard roof to defy a Parisian law limiting buildings to six stories; the seventh story was called a garret (or attic) and was made habitable by the dormer. See also gable.
dormouse Any of 20 rodent species (family Gliridae) found through¬ out Eurasia and northern Africa.
Dormice have large eyes, soft fur, rounded ears, and a hairy (sometimes bushy) tail. They live in trees, bushes, and rock walls and in nests of plant material. They eat fruit, nuts, birds’ eggs, and some insects and small animals. Many species sleep for long periods, particularly in win¬ ter. The largest species, the edible dormouse (Glis glis), is gray and attains a maximum length of about 8 in. (20 cm), excluding the 6-in. (15- cm) tail.
Dornberger Vdom-.ber-gorX,
Walter Robert (b. Sept. 6, 1895,
Giessen, Ger.—d. June 27, 1980,
Baden-Wtirttemberg) German-born U.S. engineer. From 1932, with Wernher von Braun, he began to per¬ fect the rocket engine. During World War II he directed construction of the V-2 rocket, the forerunner of all postwar spacecraft. In the U.S. after the war, he worked as an adviser on guided missiles for the U.S. Air Force. In the 1950s he participated in the Air Force-NASA project Dyna-Soar, which eventually became the space shuttle program.
Dorr, Thomas Wilson (b. Nov. 5, 1805, Providence, R.I., U.S.—d. Dec. 27, 1854, Providence) U.S. politician. From 1834 he served in the Rhode Island legislature, where he tried to introduce constitutional reform to expand white manhood suffrage. In 1841 he organized the People’s Party, which held elections and installed Dorr as governor in 1842. The existing government refused to recognize his authority, labeling the action “Dorr’s Rebellion.” The state had two governments until 1844, when Dorr was tried for treason; though given a life sentence, he was released in
Dorset Administrative (pop., 2001: 390,986), geographic, and historic county, southwestern England. It is located on the English Channel; its county seat is Dorchester. Prehistoric peoples were active in the area and left abundant monuments dating from the Neolithic Period, Bronze Age, and Iron Age, including Maiden Castle, a huge earthworks just outside Dorchester. The area subsequently became part of the West Saxon king¬ dom. As Wessex, it appears in the writings of Thomas Hardy.
Dorsey, Thomas A(ndrew) (b. July 1, 1899, Villa Rica, Ga., U.S.—d. Jan. 23, 1993, Chicago, Ill.) U.S. songwriter, singer, and pianist, the “father of gospel music.” Born the son of a revivalist preacher, Dorsey was influenced by blues pianists in the Atlanta area. After moving to Chi¬ cago in 1916, he appeared under the name of “Georgia Tom,” became a pianist with Ma Rainey, and composed secular “hokum” songs (those pep¬ pered with risque double entendres). He wrote his first gospel song in 1919, and in 1932 he abandoned the blues completely and founded the Pilgrim Baptist Church in Chicago. His more than 1,000 gospel songs include “Precious Lord, Take My Hand,” “Peace in the Valley,” and “If We Ever Needed the Lord Before.” He recorded extensively in the early 1930s. Many of his songs were introduced by Mahalia Jackson. He founded and directed the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Cho¬ ruses.
Dorsey, Tommy orig. Thomas Dorsey (b. Nov. 19, 1905, Shenan¬ doah, Pa., U.S.—d. Nov. 26, 1956, Greenwich, Conn.) U.S. trombonist and band leader. Dorsey led the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra from 1934 with his brother, saxophonist and clarinetist Jimmy Dorsey (1904-57); they later separated to lead their own groups. Tommy Dorsey’s band combined smooth ballad performances with up-tempo jazz arrangements featuring some of the best musicians of the period, including Buddy Rich,