Frank Sinatra, and arranger Sy Oliver. Dorsey’s trombone playing was technically impeccable, and his seamless phrasing and sweet tone were a major influence on singers and brass players alike. The Tommy Dorsey band was one of the most popular big bands of the swing era
Dortmund Vdort-.munA ancient Throtmannia City (pop., 2002 est.: 589,200), North Rhine-Westphalia, western Germany. First mentioned in ad 885, it became a free imperial city in 1220 and later joined the Hanseatic League. A prosperous trading centre in the 14th century, it declined after the Thirty Years' War and lost its imperial rights in 1803. The development of coal and iron ore mining and the completion of the Dortmund-Ems Canal in 1899 stimulated its regrowth. The city was largely destroyed in World War II but was extensively rebuilt. It is a major transportation and industrial hub of the Ruhr area.
Dorylaeum V.dor-o-'le-omV, Battle of (July 1, 1097) Battle in which a combined force of crusaders and Byzantines defeated an army of Sel- juq Turks in Anatolia. The crusaders later captured Antioch. See also Cru¬ sades.
Dos Passos \das-'pa-s9s\, John (Roderigo) (b. Jan. 14, 1896, Chi¬ cago, Ill., U.S.—d. Sept. 28, 1970, Baltimore, Md.) U.S. writer. Son of a wealthy lawyer, Dos Passos attended Harvard University. His wartime service as an ambulance driver and later work as a journalist led him to see the U.S. as “two nations,” one for the rich and one for the poor. His reputation as social historian, radical critic of American life, and major novelist of the postwar “lost generation” rests primarily on his powerful U.S.A. trilogy, comprising The 42nd Parallel (1930), 1919 (1932), and The Big Money (1936).
Dostoyevsky \das-to-'yef-ske\, Fyodor (Mikhaylovich) (b. Nov. 11, 1821, Moscow, Russia—d. Feb. 9, 1881, St. Petersburg) Russian nov¬ elist. Dostoyevsky gave up an engineering career early in order to write. In 1849 he was arrested for belonging to a radical discussion group; sen¬ tenced to be shot, he was reprieved at the last moment and spent four years at hard labour in Siberia, where he developed epilepsy and expe¬ rienced a deepening of his religious faith. Later he published and wrote for several periodicals while producing his best novels. His novels are concerned especially with faith, suffering, and the meaning of life; they are famous for their psychological depth and insight and their near- prophetic treatment of issues in philosophy and politics. His first, Poor Folk (1846), was followed the same year by The Double. The House of the Dead (1862) is based on his imprisonment and The Gambler (1866) on his own gambling addiction. Best known are the novella Notes from the Underground (1864) and the great novels Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), The Possessed (1872), and The Brothers Kara¬ mazov (1880), which focuses on the problem of evil, the nature of free¬ dom, and the characters’ craving for some kind of faith. By the end of his life, he had been acclaimed one of his country’s greatest writers, and his works had a profound influence on 20th-century literature.
Dou Vdau\, Gerrit or Gerard Dou (b. April 7, 1613, Leiden, Neth.—d. Feb. 9, 1675, Leiden) Dutch painter. From 1628 to 1631 he studied with Rembrandt, adopting his subject matter, careful draftsman¬ ship, and dramatic treatment of light and shadow. When Rembrandt left Leiden, Dou developed his own style, painting smooth, meticulously detailed, small-scale domestic interiors and portraits. He used the “frame within a frame” device of surrounding his figures by a window or curtain and excelled at scenes lit by candlelight. With Jan Steen he was among the founders of the Guild of St. Luke at Leiden (1648).
Douala \dii-'a-la\ City (pop., 1992 est.: 1,200,000), chief port of Cam¬ eroon, on the Bight of Biafra. It was the capital of German Kamerun and later of French Cameroun and was taken from the Germans in 1914. Cameroon’s largest city, it is one of Central Africa’s major industrial cen¬ tres, and its deepwater port handles most of the country’s overseas trade. It is home to a variety of commercial, agricultural, and industrial schools; a museum and handicraft centre encourage the production and preserva¬ tion of Cameroonian art.
double-aspect theory or dual-aspect theory Type of mind- body monism. According to double-aspect theory, the mental and the mate¬ rial are different aspects or attributes of a unitary reality, which itself is neither mental nor material. The view is derived from the metaphysics of Benedict de Spinoza, who held that mind and matter are merely two of an infinite number of “modes” of a single existing substance, which he iden¬ tified with God. See also mind-body problem.
Edible dormouse (Glis glis).
SCHUNEMANN/BAVARIA-VERLAG
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double bass ► Douglas I 567
double bass Lowest-pitched of the modern stringed instruments. It var¬ ies in size, up to 80 inches (200 cm) tall. Its shape also varies; its shoul¬ ders usually slope more than those of the violin, reflecting its status as a hybrid of the viol and violin families (the name comes from the double- bass viol). It emerged from these families in the late Renaissance, and it has always been less standardized in form than its cousins in the violin family. It normally has four strings; the orchestral instrument often has a lower fifth string (more often, an extension is added to the fourth string), and the jazz instrument has a higher fifth string. Its range is an octave below that of the cello. It is normally bowed in orchestral music and plucked in jazz. In rock bands and some jazz bands, the electric bass is used instead.
double jeopardy In law, the prosecution of a person for an offense for which he or she already has been prosecuted. In U.S. law, double jeopardy is prohibited by the 5th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which states that no person shall “be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life and limb.” The clause bars sec¬ ond prosecutions after acquittal or conviction and prohibits multiple con¬ victions for the same offense. Thus a person cannot be guilty of both murder and manslaughter for the same homicide, nor can a person be retried for the same crime after the case has been resolved. A person can, however, be convicted of both murder and robbery if the murder arose from the robbery. The prohibition against double jeopardy is not violated when an individual is charged for behaviour stemming from an offense for which he has been charged in a different jurisdiction or in a different court (e.g., a civil court as opposed to a criminal court). See also rights of the accused; due process.
double refraction or birefringence Optical property in which a single ray of unpolarized light (see polarization) splits into two compo¬ nents traveling at different velocities and in different directions. One ray is refracted (see refraction) at an angle as it travels through the medium, while the other passes through unchanged. The splitting occurs because the speed of the ray through the medium is determined by the orientation of the light compared with the crystal lattice of the medium. Since unpo¬ larized light consists of waves that vibrate in all directions, some will pass through the lattice without being affected, while others will be refracted and change direction. Materials that exhibit double refraction include ice, quartz, and sugar.
double vision or diplopia Perception of two images of an object, usually caused by temporary or permanent eye-muscle paralysis. Nor¬ mally, the brain fuses slightly different images from each eye by matching corresponding points on each retina. When an eye muscle is paralyzed, the image falls at a different point and the images do not correspond. Double vision may be an early symptom of botulism or myasthenia gravis and occurs in other infections, head injuries, and nerve or muscle disorders.
Doubleday, Abner (b. June 26, 1819, Ballston Spa, N.Y., U.S.—d. Jan. 26, 1893, Mendham, N.J.) U.S.