(b. Feb. 3, 1889, Copenhagen,
Carl Dreyei
Dreyer Vdrf-orN, Carl Theodor
Den.—d. March 20, 1968, Copen¬ hagen) Danish film director. He entered the film industry as a writer of subtitles and became a script¬ writer and editor. His first film as a director was The President (1919); after several others, he made his most famous silent film. The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928). He created a new directorial style based on exten¬ sive close-ups and the use of authen¬ tic settings. His other films include Vampire (1932), the celebrated Day of Wrath (1943), The Word (1955), and Gertrud (1964).
Dreyfus \dre-'fuis,\ English Vdri- fos, 'dra-fosV Alfred (b. Oct. 19,
1859, Mulhouse, France—d. July 12,
1935, Paris) French army officer, subject of the Dreyfus Affair (/ ’Affaire). Son of a Jewish textile manufacturer, he studied at the Ecole Poly technique, then entered the army and rose to the rank of captain (1889). He was assigned to the war ministry when, in 1894, he was accused of selling military secrets to Germany. He was convicted and sen¬ tenced to life imprisonment on Dev¬ il’s Island. The legal proceedings, based on insufficient evidence, were highly irregular, but public opinion and the French press, led by its viru¬ lently anti-Semitic section, wel¬ comed the verdict. Doubts began to grow as evidence came out suggest¬ ing that C. F. Esterhazy (1847-1923) was the true traitor. The movement
for revision of Dreyfus’s trial gained momentum when Emile Zola wrote an open letter under the headline “J’Accuse,” accusing the army of covering
n v
Alfred Dreyfus, before
H. ROGER-VIOLLET
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Dreyfuss ► drug I 573
up its errors in making the case. After a new court-martial (1899) again found Dreyfus guilty, he was pardoned by the president of the republic in an effort to resolve the issue. In 1906 a civilian court of appeals cleared Dreyfus and reversed all previous convictions. Formally reinstated and decorated with the Legion of Honor, he later saw active service in World War I. The affair resulted in the separation of church and state in 1905.
Dreyfuss Vdra-fos\, Henry (b. March 2, 1904, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. Oct. 5, 1972, South Pasadena, Calif.) U.S. industrial designer. He began designing stage sets for the Broadway theatre at age 17, and in 1929 he opened his first industrial design office. Bell Telephone Labora¬ tories hired him to design a series of telephones in the 1930s. Among his other notable designs was the interior of the ocean liner Independence. A pioneer of ergonomic design, he published several books explaining his methods, including Designing for People (1955, 1967).
drill Large, short-tailed monkey {Mandrillus leucophaeus, family Cerco- pithecidae). Formerly found from Nigeria to Cameroon, it is now restricted to remote forest regions of Cameroon because of hunting and deforestation. Like the related man¬ drill, the drill is stout-bodied and has vividly coloured buttocks. The male is about 32 in. (82 cm) long and has a black face. Its lower lip is bright red, the hairs around the face and a tuft behind the ears are yellowish white, and the rest of the fur is olive- brown. An omnivore, it is mainly ter¬ restrial, gregarious, and powerful, and it can fight ferociously if molested.
drill Tool to make holes, usually by revolving. Drills, gimlets, and augers have cutting edges that detach mate¬ rial to leave a hole. Drilling usually requires high speed and low torque, with little material being removed during each revolution of the tool. The earliest (perhaps Bronze Age) drill points had sharp edges that ultimately developed into arrow shapes with two distinct cutting edges. This shape was effective and remained popu¬ lar until the late 19th century, when factory-made, spiral-fluted twist drills became available at reasonable cost to displace the blacksmith-made articles. Rotating drill bits containing diamonds or other hard materials are used for drilling rock, as for tunnels or oil wells. See also drill press.
drill In military science, the preparation of soldiers for performance of their duties through the practice of prescribed movements. It trains sol¬ diers in battle formations, familiarizes them with their weapons, and develops a sense of teamwork and discipline. Today close-order drill is used for marching, ceremonies, and parades; combat drill is used to prac¬ tice the looser routines of battle. It was introduced by the Greeks, who practiced the maneuvers of the phalanx. Careful training of the legions was a major factor in the Roman Empire’s dominance. After Rome’s decline, drill largely disappeared and battles became free-for-all combats. Gustav II Adolf of Sweden led in reintroducing drill techniques in early 17th- century Europe.
drill press or drilling machine Machine tool for producing holes in hard substances. The drill is held in a rotating spindle and is fed into the workpiece, which is usually clamped in a vise supported on a table. The drill may be gripped in a chuck with three jaws that move radially in uni¬ son, or it may have a tapered shank that fits into a tapered hole in the spindle. Means are provided for varying the spindle speed and (on some machines) for automatically feeding the drill into the workpiece. See also BORING MACHINE.
Drina Vdre-no\ River River, central Balkans, southeastern Europe. Originating with the confluence of the Tara and Piva rivers, it follows a northerly course 285 mi (459 km) to enter the Sava River. Its upper course is through canyons, while its lower course is wider. The Drina constitutes a large part of the boundary that separates Bosnia and Herzegovina from Serbia and Montenegro.
drive In psychology, an urgent need pressing for satisfaction, usually rooted in some physiological deficiency or imbalance (e.g., hunger and
thirst) and impelling the organism to action. Psychologists distinguish between drives that are innate and directly related to basic physiological needs (e.g., food, air, and water) and drives that are learned (e.g., drug addiction). Among the other drives psychologists have identified are achievement, affection, affiliation, exploration, manipulation, maternity, pain avoidance, sex, and sleep.
driver Computer program that acts as an intermediary between the oper¬ ating system and a device such as a disk drive, video card, printer, or keyboard. The driver must contain a detailed knowledge of the device, including its set of specialized commands. The presence of a separate driver program frees the operating system from having to understand the details of every device; instead, the operating system issues general com¬ mands to the driver, which in turn translates them into specific instruc¬ tions for the device, or vice versa.
drop forging Process of shaping metal and increasing its strength. In most forging, an upper die is forced against a heated workpiece positioned on a stationary lower die. If the upper die or hammer is dropped, the pro¬ cess is known as drop forging. To increase the force of the blow, power is sometimes applied to augment gravity.
drop spindle See spindle and whorl
drosophila \dro-'sa-f3-l9\ Any member of about 1,000 species in the dipteran genus Drosophila, commonly known as fruit flies but also called vinegar flies. Some species, particularly D. melanogaster, are used exten¬ sively in laboratories for experiments on genetics and evolution because they are easy to raise and have a short life cycle (less than two weeks at room temperature). More data have been collected concerning the genet¬ ics of Drosophila than for any other animal. In the wild, its larvae live in rotting or damaged fruits or in fungi or fleshy flowers.
Droste-Hulshoff Vdro-sto-'hiEls-hofV Annette, Baroness von orig. Anna Elisabeth Franziska Adolphine Wilhelmine Lou¬ ise Maria, Freiin von Droste zu Hulshoff (b. Jan. 10, 1797, Schloss Hulshoff, near Munster, Westphalia—d. May 25, 1848, Meers- burg, Baden) German writer. One of the great women poets of Germany, she wrote religious verse, particularly Das geistliche Jahr (1851; “The Spiritual Year”), but she is best known for detailed, evocative poems about her native Westphalia. Her stories are considered forerunners of the 19th- century realistic short story. Her only complete prose work. The Jew’s Beech (1842), is a psychological study of a villager who murders a Jew.