Eastern rite church or Eastern Catholic church Any of several Eastern Christian churches that trace their origins to ethnic or national Eastern churches but are united with the Roman Catholic church (see Roman Catholicism). A few of these churches became associated with Rome in the 12th century, but most trace their origins to the failure to unite Eastern and Western churches at the Council of Ferrara-Florence in 1439 or to churches that rejoined Rome in the 16th century or later. East¬ ern rite churches acknowledge the authority of the pope but are allowed to use their own ancient liturgies and to maintain rites and customs more typical of Eastern Orthodoxy, such as allowing priests to marry and admit¬ ting infants to Holy Communion. The Eastern rite includes the Ukrainian Orthodox church, the Maronite Church, and some Armenians, Ruthenians, and Melchites (in Syria). Today Eastern Catholics number more than 12 million.
Eastern Woodlands Indian Any member of the various North American Indian peoples of the largely wooded area stretching east from the Mississippi River valley to the Atlantic coastline and extending north into Canada and south as far as what are now the U.S. states from Illi-
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Eastman ► eccentric I 591
nois to North Carolina. The Indians in this region spoke Iroquoian, Algon- quian, and Siouan languages. The heaviest population concentrations were near or along the seacoast, lakes, ponds, marshes, creeks, and rivers. There animals could be hunted, fish caught, birds taken, leaves, seeds, and roots of wild plants gathered, shellfish collected, and crops grown. Certain areas were favoured with resources not found elsewhere in the region. In cer¬ tain parts of the upper Great Lakes area, wild rice {Zizania aquatica) grew in abundance, and the Menominee especially depended on it. In addition to the Menominee, Eastern Woodlands groups include the Abenaki, Wood¬ land Cree, Delaware, Fox, Huron, Illinois, Iroquois, Mohican, Miami, Mic- mac, Mohawk, Mohegan, Montagnais and Naskapi, Ojibwa, Oneida, Ottawa, Pequot, Powhatan, Sauk, Seneca, Tuscarora, and Winnebago.
Eastman, George (b. July 12,1854, Waterville, N.Y., U.S.—d. March 14, 1932, Rochester, N.Y.) U.S. inventor and manufacturer. Eastman in 1880 perfected a process for making dry plates for photography. In 1889 he introduced transparent film, and in 1892 he reorganized his Rochester company as the Eastman Kodak Co. The introduction of the first Kodak (a coined word that became a trademark) camera helped promote large- scale amateur photography. By 1927 Eastman Kodak had a virtual monopoly of the U.S. photographic industry, and it has remained one of the largest American companies in its field. Eastman’s generous bequests to the University of Rochester were acknowledged in the naming of the Eastman School of Music.
Eastman Kodak Co. Major U.S. manufacturer of film, cameras, pho¬ tographic supplies, and other imaging products. The company was incor¬ porated in 1901 as the successor to a business founded in 1880 by George Eastman, whose innovations included the perfection of a process for mak¬ ing dry plates, roll film (1884), and the Kodak camera (1888), the first camera simple and portable enough to appeal to large numbers of ama¬ teur photographers. The company’s later innovations included the first home-movie equipment, the easy-to-use Kodachrome color slide film, the cartridge-loaded Instamatic cameras, and the highly automatic Disc cam¬ eras. Its headquarters are in Rochester, N.Y. See also Polaroid Corp.
Eastwood, Clint(on) (b. May 31, 1930, San Francisco, Calif., U.S.) U.S. actor and director. He won attention in the television series Rawhide (1959-66) before his roles in three of Sergio Leone’s “spaghetti westerns” (1964-66) made him an international star. He returned to the U.S. for the successful Dirty Harry (1971), the first of a series of action films in which he played laconic and dangerous heroes. He combined directing with act¬ ing in films such as Play Misty for Me (1971), Pale Rider (1985), Unfor¬ given (1992, Academy Award), A Perfect World (1993), The Bridges of Madison County (1995), and Million Dollar Baby (2004, Academy Award). His interest in jazz led him to direct and produce Bird (1988), about Charlie Parker. His minimalist style of acting and direction garnered critical acclaim to accompany his long-established box-office success.
eating disorders Abnormal eating patterns, including anorexia ner¬ vosa, bulimia, compulsive overeating, and pica (appetite for nonfood sub¬ stances). These disorders, which usually have a psychological component, may lead to underweight, obesity, or malnutrition.
Eaton, Cyrus S(tephen) (b. Dec. 27, 1883, Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Can.—d. May 9, 1979, near Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.) U.S.-Canadian indus¬ trialist and philanthropist. Entering business in 1907, he built several electric-power plants in western Canada and soon diversified into other utilities, banking, and steel in the U.S. In 1930 he merged several steel companies to form Republic Steel, the third-largest U.S. steel company. He lost most of his fortune in the Great Depression but subsequently made another one. An advocate of nuclear disarmament and improved Soviet- U.S. relations, he helped inaugurate the Pugwash Conferences in 1957.
EB virus See Epstein-Barr virus
Ebadi, Shirin (b. 1947, Hamadan, Iran) Iranian lawyer, writer, and teacher. After earning a law degree from the University of Tehran (1969), Ebadi became one of the first women judges in Iran but was forced to resign after the 1979 revolution and the establishment of an Islamic repub¬ lic. She then practiced law, taught at the University of Tehran, and became noted for her efforts to promote democracy and human rights, especially those of women and children in Iran. In 2000 she was briefly jailed after distributing evidence that implicated government officials in the murder of university students in 1999. Found guilty of “disturbing public opin¬ ion,” she was given a prison term, barred from practicing law for five years, and fined, although her sentence was later suspended. In 2003 Ebadi
was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace, becoming the first Muslim woman and the first Iranian to receive the award.
Ebb, Fred See John Kander
Ebbinghaus \'e-biq-,haus\, Hermann (b. Jan. 24, 1850, Barmen, Rhenish Prussia—d. Feb. 26, 1909, Halle, Ger.) German psychologist. He pioneered in experimental methods for measuring rote learning and memory, demonstrating that memory is based on associations. His well- known “forgetting curve” relates forgetting to the passage of time. His major works are Memory (1885) and Principles of Psychology (1902).
Ebert \'a-bert\, Friedrich (b. Feb. 4, 1871, Heidelberg, Ger.—d. Feb. 28, 1925, Berlin) German politician. A journeyman saddler and trade unionist, he became chairman of the German Social Democratic Party in 1913. Under his leadership, the Social Democratic movement gained increasing influence in German national politics. After revolution broke out in 1918, he formed a Socialist coalition government. He helped bring about the Weimar constitution and in 1919 was elected the first president of the Weimar Republic. Facing threats to the new government, he waged a civil war, assisted by the Freikorps, against Socialists and Communists and suppressed the Kapp Putsch. His authority was weakened in 1923 by the crisis over the Ruhr occupation, his party’s withdrawal from the govern¬ ing coalition, and Adolf Hitler’s abortive Beer Hall Putsch. He died in office.
Ebla modern Tell MardTkh \'tel- , mar-dik\ Ancient city, northwestern Syria. Located south of Aleppo, it dominated what is now northern Syria, Lebanon, and parts of northern Mesopotamia during the height of its power (c. 2600-2240 bc) and enjoyed trade with states as far away as Egypt, the Iranian plateau, and Sumer. The city’s archives, dating to the 3rd millen¬ nium bc, were discovered virtually intact during excavations in 1975; they offer a rich source of information about the area’s ancient way of life.