SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY.
Edward, Lake Lake, eastern Africa. One of the great lakes of the western Great Rift Valley, it lies on the border of Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda and is 48 mi (77 km) long and 26 mi (42 km) wide. On the northeast it is connected to the smaller Lake George. Lake Edward empties north through the Semliki River to Lake Albert. The lake abounds in fish; wildlife on its shores is protected within Virunga National Park and Queen Elizabeth National Park. It was named by Henry Morton Stanley, who visited the lake in 1888-89.
Edward I known as Edward Longshanks (b. June 17, 1239, West¬ minster, Middlesex, Eng.—d. July 7, 1309, Burgh by Sands, near Carl¬ isle, Cumberland) King of England (1272-1307). The eldest son of Henry III, he supported his father in a civil war with the barons, but his violent temper contributed to Henry’s defeat at the Battle of Lewes (1264). Edward triumphed over the rebels in the following year when he defeated them and slew their leader at Evesham. Edward joined the abortive Cru¬ sade of Louis IX of France (the Eighth Crusade) in 1271-72, then returned to England to succeed his father. His reign was a time of rising national consciousness, in which he strengthened the crown against the nobility. He fostered the development of Parliament and played an important role in defining English common law. He conquered Wales (1277) and crushed Welsh uprisings against English rule, but his conquest of Scotland (1296), including the defeat of William Wallace, was undone by later revolts. He expelled the Jews from England in 1290; they would not be readmitted until 1655. He died on a campaign against Robert I, who had proclaimed himself king of Scotland the previous year.
Edward II known as Edward of Caernarfon \kar-'na-von\ (b. April 25, 1284, Caernarfon, Caernarfonshire, Wales—d. September 1327, Ber¬ keley, Gloucestershire, Eng.) King of England (1307-27). He was the son of Edward I. He angered the barons by granting the earldom of Cornwall to his favourite, Piers Gaveston; the barons then drew up the Ordinances (1311), a document limiting the king’s power over finances and appoint¬ ments, and executed the arrogant Gaveston (1312). The English defeat by Robert I at the Battle of Bannockburn (1314) ensured Scottish indepen¬ dence and left Edward at the mercy of powerful barons, notably Thomas of Lancaster. Edward defeated and executed Lancaster in 1322, freeing himself from baronial control and revoking the Ordinances. His queen, Isabella, helped her lover, Roger de Mortimer, invade England with other dissatisfied nobles and depose Edward in favour of his son, Edward III. Edward II was imprisoned and probably murdered.
Edward III known as Edward of Windsor (b. Nov. 13,1312, Wind¬ sor, Berkshire, Eng.—d. June 21, 1377, Sheen, Surrey) King of England (1327-77). His mother, Isabella of France, deposed his father, Edward II, and crowned the 15-year-old Edward in his place. Isabella and her lover, Roger de Mortimer, governed in Edward’s name for four years and per¬ suaded him to grant the Scots their independence (1328). After having Mortimer executed in 1330, Edward became the sole ruler of England. By asserting his right to the French crown, he began the Hundred Years' War. He instituted the Order of the Garter in 1342. He defeated the French at the Battle of Crecy (1346) and captured Calais (1347), though lack of funds forced him to sign a truce. The Black Death hit England in 1348, but fighting continued. The Scots surrendered to Edward in 1356, and the same year his son Edward the Black Prince won a major victory for the English at the Battle of Poitiers. In 1360 Edward gave up his claim to the French crown in return for Aquitaine. The war later resumed when Charles V repudiated the Treaty of Calais; Edward lost Aquitaine, and he signed a new truce in 1375. In his later years he fell under the influence of his greedy mistress, Alice Perrers, and his son John of Gaunt.
Edward IV (b. April 28, 1442, Rouen, France—d. April 9, 1483, West¬ minster, Eng.) King of England (1461-70, 1471-83). His father, a claimant to the throne, was killed in 1461, and Edward was crowned, thanks largely to his cousin the earl of Warwick. This alliance did not last, and, after much intrigue and fighting, Edward was deposed and fled in 1470. The next year he returned to become a leading partici¬ pant in the Wars of the Roses, defeat¬ ing and killing Warwick and nearly all the remaining Lancastrian lead¬ ers. After murdering Henry VI and repelling an attack on London,
Edward remained secure as king for the rest of his life. He invaded France, which Henry had inherited but largely lost; though the attempt was unsuccessful, Edward made an excellent financial settlement by treaty. His administrative achieve¬ ments made his reign a time of pros¬ perity and success. Seven children survived him; his two sons were probably murdered in the Tower of London, and his eldest daughter mar¬ ried Henry VII.
Edward VI (b. Oct. 12, 1537, London, Eng.—d. July 6, 1553, London) King of England and Ireland (1547-53). Son of Henry VIII and Jane Sey¬ mour, Edward succeeded to the throne after Henry’s death. During the young king’s reign, power was wielded first by his uncle the duke of Somerset (1547-49) and then by the duke of Northumberland. Facing death from tuberculosis, Edward was persuaded to exclude his two half sisters (later queens) Mary I and Elizabeth I from the succession and to put Northumberland’s daughter-in-law,
Lady Jane Grey, in line for the throne.
Edward VII orig. Albert Edward (b. Nov. 9, 1841, London,
Eng.—d. May 6, 1910, London)
King of the United Kingdom (1901—
10). Son of Queen Victoria, he attended Oxford and Cambridge and in 1863 married Alexandra (1844- 1925), daughter of Christian IX.
Noted for his interest in racing and yachting and his sometimes scandal¬ ous personal behavior, he was excluded by Victoria from most affairs of state until he was over 50 years old. He succeeded to the throne on her death, and his reign helped restore luster to the monarchy after her long seclusion as a widow. An
Edward IV, portrait by an unknown artist; in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Edward VIII ► egg I 599
immensely popular sovereign, he helped pave the way for the Entente Cordiale with his state visit to Paris in 1903.
Edward VIII (b. June 23, 1894, Richmond, Surrey, Eng.—d. May 28, 1972, Paris, France) King of the United Kingdom (1936) who abdi¬ cated voluntarily. Son of George V, he served as a staff officer in World War I. After the war he made exten¬ sive goodwill tours of the British Empire and became very popular with the British people. In 1930 he became friends with Wallis Simpson and her husband and by 1934 had fallen in love with her. In January 1936 he succeeded to the throne on his father’s death. Unable to gain social and political acceptance for his proposed marriage to Simpson, he abdicated in December, becoming the only British sovereign to resign the crown voluntarily. He was cre¬ ated duke of Windsor and in 1937 married Simpson, who became the duchess of Windsor. At Winston Churchill’s invitation, he served as governor of the Bahamas during World War II, and after 1945 the couple lived in Paris. Though they were counted among the social elite, not until 1967 were they invited to attend an official public ceremony with other members of the royal family.
Edward the Black Prince (b. June 15, 1330, Woodstock, Oxford¬ shire, Eng.—d. June 8, 1376, Westminster, near London) Prince of Wales (1343-76). Son of Edward III, he apparently received his sobriquet because he wore black armour. He was one of the outstanding commanders of the Hundred Years' War, winning a major victory at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. He was prince of Aquitaine 1362-72; his rule there was a failure, for which he was largely to blame. He returned sick and broken to England and formally surrendered his principality to his father. He had no succes¬ sor as prince of Aquitaine. Though the heir apparent, he never became king; his son became Richard II.