Edward the Confessor, Saint (b. c. 1003, Islip, Eng.—d. Jan. 5, 1066, London; canonized 1161; feast day originally January 5, now Octo¬ ber 13) King of England (1042-66). The son of Ethelred II, he was exiled to Normandy for 25 years (1016-41) while the Danes held England (see Canute the Great). For the first 11 years of his reign, the real master of England was Godwine, earl of Wessex. Edward outlawed Godwine in 1051 and appointed Normans to high positions in government, thus pre¬ paring the way for the Norman Conquest. Godwine continued his oppo¬ sition, and his son Harold (see Harold II) dominated England after 1053, subjugating Wales in 1063. Edward named Harold as his successor on his deathbed, but the duke of Normandy (the future William I) invaded England to claim the crown earlier promised him. Though an ineffectual monarch, Edward was famous for his piety, which earned him the epithet “the Confessor.”
Edwards, Blake orig. William Blake McEdwards (b. July 26, 1922, Tulsa, Okla., U.S.) U.S. film director, producer, and screenwriter. He acted in films in the 1940s, then gained respect as a screenwriter, nota¬ bly for My Sister Eileen (1955) and The Notorious Landlady (1962). He created the TV series Peter Gunn (1958-60). Among his successful direc¬ torial efforts were Operation Petticoat (1959), Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961), 10 (1979), and VictorAdctoria (1982), which he revived in 1995 as a Broadway musical starring his wife, Julie Andrews. He was perhaps best known for The Pink Panther (1964) and its sequels.
Edwards, Gareth (b. July 12, 1947, Gwaun-Cae-Gurwen, Wales) Welsh Rugby Union player. Edwards, considered to be among the great¬ est rugby players, played scrum half on the great Welsh sides that won the Five Nations Championship 11 times in 16 seasons between 1964 and 1978. He played 53 tests for Wales and 10 for the British Lions (1967— 78). Amazingly for a half scrum, he scored 20 tries for Wales.
Edwards, Jonathan (b. Oct. 5, 1703, East Windsor, Conn.—d. March 22, 1758, Princeton, N.J.) American theologian. The 5th of 11 children in a strict Puritan home, he entered Yale College at age 13. In
1727 he was named a pastor at his grandfather’s church in Northampton, Mass. His sermons on “Justification by Faith Alone” gave rise to a revival in the Connecticut River valley in 1734, and in the 1740s he was also influential in the Great Awakening. In 1750 he was dismissed from the Northampton church over a disagreement on who was eligible to take communion, and he became pastor in Stockbridge in 1751. He died of smallpox shortly after accepting the presidency of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). A staunch Calvinist, he emphasized original sin, predestination, and the need for conversion. His most famous sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” vividly evokes the fate of unrepentant sinners in hell.
Edwards, Robert See Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards
eel Any of more than 500 fish species (order Anguilliformes) that are slender, elongated, and usually scaleless, with long dorsal and anal fins that are continuous around the tail tip. Eels are found in all seas, from coastal regions to the mid-depths. Freshwater eels are active, predaceous fish with small embedded scales; they grow to maturity in freshwater and return to the sea, where they spawn and die. The transparent young drift to the coast and make their way upstream. Freshwater eels, considered valuable food fish, include species ranging from 4 in. (10 cm) to about 11.5 ft (3.5 m) long. See also Moray.
eelworm Any of several species of nematode, named for their resem¬ blance to miniature eels. Eelworms are either free-living or parasitic, and most are about 0.005-0.05 in. (0.1-1.5 mm) long. They are found in all parts of the world. Free-living forms inhabit salt water, freshwater, and damp soil. Parasitic forms are found in the roots of many plant species; the potato-root eelworm, for example, is a serious pest of potatoes. Some species occur in both plants and animals.
efficiency or mechanical efficiency In mechanics, the measure of the effectiveness with which a system performs. It is stated as the ratio of a system’s work output to its work input. The efficiency of a real sys¬ tem is always less than 1 because of friction between moving parts. A machine with an efficiency of 0.8 returns 80% of the work input as work output; the remaining 20% is used to overcome friction. In a theoretically frictionless, or ideal, machine, the work input and work output are equal, and the efficiency would be 1, or 100%.
effigy mound Earthen mound in the form of a bird or animal (e.g, bear, deer, turtle, buffalo), found in the northern central U.S., especially the Ohio River valley. Little is known of the effigy mounds except that most were burial sites. The culture that produced them dates from ad 300 to the mid-17th century. See also Hopewell culture.
Effigy Mounds National Monument Archaeological site, north¬ eastern Iowa, U.S. Located on the Mississippi River, it covers 4 sq mi (10 sq km). Established in 1949, the monument has 183 known mounds, some of which are in the shape of birds and bears. The mounds were built over the course of the Woodland period (1000 bc-ad 1200), with the effigy mounds probably constructed between ad 400 and 1200. Many mounds have yielded copper, bone, and stone tools of Indian origin. One of the bear mounds is 137 ft (42 m) long and 3.5 ft (1 m) high.
eft See newt
Egas Moniz Va-gas-mo-'nezV Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire (b. Nov. 29, 1874, Avan^a, Port.—d. Dec. 13, 1955, Lisbon) Por¬ tuguese neurologist and statesman. He introduced cerebral angiography (1927-37). With Almeida Lima, he performed the first prefrontal lobotomy in 1936, and in 1949 he shared a Nobel Prize with Walter Rudolf Hess for the development of the lobotomy. Because of its serious side effects, he advised using lobotomy only when all other treatments failed. He also served in the Portuguese legislature and as a minister and led the Portuguese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference.
egg In biology, the female sex cell, or gamete. In zoology, the Latin term ovum is often used to refer to the single cell, whereas the word egg may be applied to the entire specialized structure or capsule that consists of the ovum, its various protective membranes, and any accompanying nutritive materials. The egg or ovum, like the male gamete (sperm), bears only a single (haploid; see ploidy) set of chromosomes. When female and male gametes unite during fertilization, the double (diploid) set of chromosomes is restored in the resulting zygote. In humans, the ovum matures inside one of the ovary’s follicles (hollow group of cells) and is released when the follicle ruptures (ovulation). The ovum passes into the fallopian tube and
The duke of Windsor (formerly Edward VIII) and duchess of Windsor on their wedding day, June 3, 1937; photo¬ graph by Cecil Beaton.
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600 I Eggleston ► Egypt
will degenerate if not fertilized within about 24 hours. In animals, the amount of nutritive material (yolk) deposited in an egg is dependent on the length of time before the developing animal can feed itself or, in the case of mammals, begins to receive nourishment from the maternal circulation. Most animal eggs are enclosed by one or more membranes. Insect eggs are covered by a thick, hard outer membrane, and amphibian eggs are sur¬ rounded by a jellylike layer. The term egg also refers to the content of the hard-shelled reproductive body produced by a bird or reptile.
Eggleston, Edward (b. Dec. 10, 1837, Vevay, Ind., U.S.—d. Sept. 4, 1902, Lake George, N.Y.) U.S. novelist and historian. He became an itin¬ erant preacher at age 19; he later held various pastorates and edited sev¬ eral periodicals. He realistically portrayed backwoods Indiana in The Hoosier School-Master (1871). His other novels include The End of the World (1872), The Circuit Rider (1874), Roxy (1878), and The Graysons (1888). He then turned to writing history; his Beginners of a Nation (1896) and Transit of Civilization from England to America (1900) contributed to the growth of the study of social history.