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Eightfold Path ► Eisenstaedt I 603
Eightfold Path Buddhist doctrine, stated by the Buddha in his first ser¬ mon near Benares, India. The path is regarded as the way for individuals to deal with the problems named in the Four Noble Truths. The path con¬ sists of right understanding (faith in the Buddhist view of existence), right thought (the resolve to practice the faith), right speech (avoidance of falsehoods, slander, and abuse), right action (abstention from taking life, stealing, and improper sexual behavior), right livelihood (rejection of occupations not in keeping with Buddhist principles), right effort (devel¬ opment of good mental states), right mindfulness (awareness of body, feelings, and thought), and right concentration (meditation). It is also called the Middle Path, because it steers a course between sensuality and asceticism. Following the Path leads to escape from suffering and attain¬ ment of NIRVANA.
Eijkman Vlk-.man, 'ak-.manX, Christiaan (b. Aug. 11, 1858, Nijkerk, Neth.—d. Nov. 5, 1930, Utrecht) Dutch physician and pathologist. While seeking a bacterial cause for beriberi, he noticed a resemblance between a nerve disorder in his laboratory chickens and that seen in beriberi. He eventually showed that the cause was their diet of white rather than brown rice, but he believed the disorder was caused by a toxin even after it was shown to be due to thiamin deficiency. His work led to the discovery of vitamins and earned him a 1929 Nobel Prize, shared with Frederick Gow- LAND FlOPKINS.
Eileithyia \,I-U-'thI-9\ Greek goddess of childbirth. Capable of helping or hindering labour according to her will, she was worshiped over a period of centuries from Neolithic to Roman times. The earliest evidence for her cult was found at Amnisus in Crete. In later Greek polytheism she is sometimes described as the daughter of Hera and is sometimes identified with Hera or with Artemis.
Einaudi V.a-na-'ii-deV, Luigi (b. March 24, 1874, Carru, Italy—d. Oct. 30, 1961, Rome) Italian economist and politician. He taught at the Uni¬ versity of Turin (1900-43) and edited the Review of Economic History (1936—43). An opponent of the fascists, he fled to Switzerland in 1943. He returned in 1945 and served as governor of the Bank of Italy (1945- 48). As minister of the budget (1947), he successfully curbed inflation and stabilized the currency. He was the first president (1948-55) of the Republic of Italy.
Eindhoven Vlnt-.ho-vonV Commune (pop., 2001 est.: 203,397), south¬ ern Netherlands. Situated on the Dommel River southeast of Rotterdam, it was chartered in 1232 by Henry I, duke of Brabant. After 1900 it devel¬ oped from a small village into one of the largest industrial centres of The Netherlands, and in 1920 it annexed five adjoining municipalities. The city is the seat of a technical university and the headquarters of Philips Electronics NV.
Einhard \Tn-,hart\ or Eginhard \'a-gin- l hart\ (b. c. 770, Maingau, Franconia—d. March 14, 840, Seligenstadt, Franconia) Frankish historian and scholar. An adviser to Charlemagne and to Louis I the Pious, Einhard was made abbot of several monasteries and held extensive lands. His biography of Charlemagne (c. 830) analyzed Charlemagne’s family, achievements, administration, and death and exemplified the classical renaissance at the Carolingian court.
Einstein, Albert (b. March 14, 1879, Ulm, Wiirttemberg, Ger.—d. April 18, 1955, Princeton, N.J., U.S.) German-Swiss-U.S. scientist. Born to a Jewish family in Germany, he grew up in Munich, and his family moved to Switzerland in 1894. He became a junior examiner at the Swiss patent office in 1902 and began producing original theoretical work that laid many of the foundations for 20th-century physics. He received his doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1905, the same year he won international fame with the publication of three articles: one on Brown¬ ian motion, which he explained in terms of molecular kinetic energy; one on the photoelectric effect, in which he demonstrated the particle nature of light; and one on his special theory of relativity, which included his for¬ mulation of the equivalence of mass and energy (E = me 2 ). Einstein held several professorships before becoming director of Berlin’s Kaiser Wil¬ helm Institute in 1914. In 1915 he published his general theory of rela¬ tivity, which was confirmed experimentally during a solar eclipse in 1919 with observations of the deviation of light passing near the Sun. He received a Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect, his work on relativity still being controversial. He made important con¬ tributions to quantum field theory, and for decades he sought to discover the mathematical relationship between electromagnetism and gravitation, which he believed would be a first step toward discovering the common
laws governing the behaviour of everything in the universe, but such a unified field theory eluded him. His theories of relativity and gravitation represented a profound advance over Newtonian physics and revolution¬ ized scientific and philosophical inquiry. He resigned his position at the Prussian Academy when Adolf Hitler came to power and moved to Prin¬ ceton, N.J., where he joined the Institute for Advanced Study. Though a longtime pacifist, he was instrumental in persuading Pres. Franklin Roosevelt in 1939 to initiate the Manhattan Project for the production of an atomic bomb, a technology his own theories greatly furthered, though he did not work on the project himself. The most eminent scientist in the world in the postwar years, he declined an offer to become the first prime minister of Israel and became a strong advocate for nuclear disarmament.
Einstein's mass-energy relation Relationship between mass (m) and energy ( E) in Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity, expressed E = me 2 , where c equals 186,000 mi/second (300,000 km/second), the speed of light. Whereas mass and energy were viewed as distinct in earlier physical theories, in special relativity a body’s mass can be converted into energy in accordance with Einstein’s formula. Such a release of energy decreases the body’s mass (see conservation law).
Eisai \'a-'si\ (b. 1141—d. 1215) Japanese monk who introduced Rinzai Zen Buddhism to Japan. Originally a Tendai (Tiantai) monk, he visited China twice (1168, 1187) and returned to teach a strict meditational sys¬ tem based on the use of koan (riddles). He instructed Dogen.
Eisenhower Vi-zon-.hau-oA, Dwight D(avid) (b. Oct. 14, 1890, Denison, Texas, U.S.—d. March 28,
1969, Washington, D.C.) 34th presi¬ dent of the U.S. (1953-61). He graduated from West Point (1915), then served in the Panama Canal Zone (1922-24) and in the Philip¬ pines under Douglas MacArthur (1935-39). In World War II Gen.
George Marshall appointed him to the army’s war-plans division (1941), then chose him to command U.S. forces in Europe (1942). After planning the invasions of North Africa, Sicily, and Italy, he was appointed supreme commander of Allied forces (1943). He planned the Normandy Campaign (1944) and the conduct of the war in Europe until the German surrender (1945). He was promoted to five-star general (1944) and was named army chief of staff in 1945. He served as president of Columbia University from 1948 until being appointed supreme com¬ mander of NATO in 1951. Both Democrats and Republicans courted Eisenhower as a presidential candidate; in 1952, as the Republican can¬ didate, he defeated Adlai Stevenson with the largest popular vote to that time. He defeated Stevenson again in 1956 in an even larger landslide. His policy of support for Middle Eastern countries facing communist aggression, enunciated in the Eisenhower Doctrine, was a continuation of the containment policy adopted by the Harry Truman administration (see Truman Doctrine). He sent federal troops to Little Rock, Ark., to enforce integration of a city high school (1957). When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I (1957), he was criticized for failing to develop the U.S. space program; he responded by creating NASA (1958). In his last weeks in office the U.S. broke diplomatic relations with Cuba.