Forrester, Jay Wright (b. July 14, 1918, Anselmo, Neb., U.S.) U.S. electrical engineer and management expert. He taught and conducted research at MIT, where in 1945 he founded the Digital Computer Labo¬ ratory. There he invented the magnetic core random-access memory (RAM) used in digital computers for information storage. At MIT’s Sloan School of Management (from 1956), he applied computer simulation to real-world relationships, such as the flow of materials in a factory, by feeding a series of interconnected equations to a computer.
Forssmann Vfors-.manV, Werner (b. Aug. 20, 1904, Berlin, Ger.—d. June 1, 1979, Schopfheim, W.Ger.) German surgeon. He shared with Andre Cournand and Dickinson W. Richards (1895-1973) a 1956 Nobel Prize for contributions to the development of cardiac catheterization. He used himself as the first human sub¬ ject, watching the progress of the catheter in a mirror in front of a fluo- roscope screen. Severely criticized for this, he abandoned cardiology for urology. His procedure, put into practice by Richards and Cournand, has become an invaluable diagnostic and research tool.
Forster, E(dward) M(organ)
(b. Jan. 1, 1879, London, Eng.—d.
June 7, 1970, Coventry, War'wick- shire) British writer. Forster was bom into an upper-middle-class fam¬ ily. He attended the University of Cambridge and from roughly 1907 was a member of the informal Bloomsbury group. His early works include Where Angels Fear to Tread BBC hulton picture ubrary (1905), The Longest Journey (1907),
E.M. Forster
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forsterite-fayalite ► Forth I 695
A Room with a View (1908), and his first major success, Howards End (1910), novels that show his acute observation of middle-class life and its values. After periods in India and Alexandria, he wrote his finest novel, A Passage to India (1924), examining the failure of human understand¬ ing between ethnic and social groups under British rule. Maurice , a novel with a homosexual theme written in 1913, appeared posthumously. Aspects of the Novel (1927) is a classic discussion of aesthetics and the creative process. Awarded an honorary fellowship in 1946 at Cambridge, he lived there until his death.
forsterite-fayalite Vfor-stor-.It-fi-'a-.llA series Most important min¬ erals in the olivine family and possibly the most important constituents of the Earth’s mantle. These minerals occur as green to yellow, glassy crys¬ tals in many basic and ultrabasic rocks (see acid and basic rocks) and are also abundant in chondritic meteorites. They also occur in dolomitic lime¬ stones, marbles, and metamorphosed iron-rich sediments. They are some¬ times used in the manufacture of brick.
forsythia \for-'si-the-9\ Any of the seven species of ornamental shrubs that make up the genus Forsythia , in the olive family, native to eastern Europe and East Asia. In some species the yellow flowers borne along the stems appear before the leaves in early spring. The narrow leaves occa¬ sionally have three parts; the star-shaped flowers have four. Common for¬ sythia ( F. intermedia ) has arching stems to about 20 ft (6 m) and bright yellow flowers.
Fort Knox U.S. military reservation, northern Kentucky, U.S., south¬ west of Louisville. Occupying an area of 110,000 acres (44,510 hectares), it was established in 1918 as Camp Knox and became a permanent mili¬ tary post in 1932. The U.S. Gold Bullion Depository, a bombproof struc¬ ture protected by elaborate security devices, was built there in 1936 to hold the bulk of the country’s gold. Since 1940 it has been the U.S. Army Armor Headquarters and the site of associated training schools.
Fort-La my See N'Djamena
Fort Lauderdale City (pop., 2000: 152,397), southeastern Florida, U.S. It is located on the Atlantic Ocean, 25 mi (40 km) north of Miami. A fort built there in 1838 gave its name to the town, which was established in 1895 and later developed as a shipping and commercial centre and residential resort. The Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway is connected to the city’s deepwater port, Port Everglades. The city is interlaced with recre¬ ational waterways and has extensive boating facilities, which have given rise to a marine industry.
Fort Matanzas National Monument National reserve, northeast¬ ern Florida, U.S. Established in 1924 and covering 228 acres (92 hect¬ ares), it centres around a Spanish fort on Rattlesnake Island, 14 mi (23 km) south of St. Augustine. Originating in 1569 as a wooden tower and completed in 1742, the fort is near the site of the slaughter of 300 French Huguenot colonists by Spaniards in 1565.
Fort McHenry Military fort and national monument, Baltimore, Mary¬ land, U.S. During the War of 1812, the British bombarded it in 1814 but failed to capture the city it defended. Francis Scott Key witnessed the battle while being held aboard a British ship, and the sight of the U.S. flag fly¬ ing above the fort inspired him to write “The Star-Spangled Banner.” The fort was used as a federal prison during the American Civil War and then served as a military post until 1900, when it was abandoned. Occupying an area of 43 acres (17 hectares), it was named a national park in 1925 and a national monument in 1939.
Fort Stanwix, Treaties of (1768, 1784) Agreements by which the Iroquois Confederacy ceded land in what is now western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, West Virginia, and New York, opening vast tracts to white exploration and settlement. In 1768 about 3,400 Iroquois gathered at Fort Stanwix (now Rome), N.Y., to sign a new treaty with the British that replaced the Proclamation of 1763. Pressure from white settlers and fur traders for additional land forced the new U.S. government to renegoti¬ ate the treaty. Weakened by the frontier campaign against them during the American Revolution, the Iroquois were persuaded to cede more land and in 1784 to sign the second treaty, also called the Treaty with the Six Nations.
Fort Sumter National Monument Historic site, on a man-made island at the entrance to the harbour of Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. Construction of the fort began in 1829 and was still in progress in 1861, when it became the site of the first engagement (April 12, 1861) of the
American Civil War. The national monument, established in 1948, also includes Fort Moultrie on nearby Sullivan’s Island, site of an American victory against the British (June 28, 1776) in the American Revolution, when the fort was called Fort Sullivan. The Seminole Indian leader Osceola is buried there.
Fort Wayne City (pop., 2000: 205,727), northeastern Indiana, U.S. Once the chief town of the Miami Indians, it was the site of a French trad¬ ing post in the late 17th century. It was taken by the English (1760) and then by Indians under Pontiac (1763). A log stockade built in 1794 by Gen. Anthony Wayne gave the town its name. The city’s industrial growth began with the building of the Wabash and Erie Canal in the 1830s. It now manufactures a range of machinery, including automotive and elec¬ trical equipment. It is the site of educational institutions, including Con¬ cordia Theological Seminary (1846) and St. Francis College (1890). Johnny Appleseed, the pioneer orchard planter, is buried there.
Fort Worth City (pop., 2000: 534,694), northern Texas, U.S. It lies on the Trinity River and constitutes the western part of the Dallas-Fort Worth urban complex. Founded in 1849 as a military outpost against Comanche raids, it was later a stopover point for cattle drives on the Chisholm Trail. It became a cattle-shipping boomtown after the railroad arrived in 1876. Oil finds brought the petroleum-refining industry to Fort Worth in the 1920s, and aircraft manufacturing, which began there during World War II, has expanded to include aerospace and electronic equipment. Fort Worth is the seat of Texas Christian University (1873) and Texas Wes¬ leyan University (1890), and its attractions include the Amon Carter Museum.