fruit fly Any dipteran species of two families: large fruit flies (Try- petidae) and small fruit flies, or vin¬ egar flies (family Drosophilidae; see drosophila). The larvae feed on fruit or other vegetation. The adults’ wings are banded or spotted with brown. Many species attack culti¬ vated fruits, sometimes causing enough damage to create significant economic loss. Some species are leaf miners; others burrow in plant stems.
Well-known fruit-fly pests include the Mediterranean fruit fly and the apple maggot of the U.S., the Mexi¬ can and Oriental fruit flies, and the olive fruit fly of the Mediterranean region.
fruit sugar See fructose Frunze See Bishkek
Frunze Vfrim-zyoV, Mikhail (Vasilyevich) (b. Jan. 21, 1885, Pish- pek, Kirgiziya, Russian Empire—d. Oct. 31, 1925, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.) Soviet army officer and military theorist. An active revolution¬ ary from 1905, he became an outstanding commander in the Russian Civil War. With the support of Joseph Stalin, Frunze replaced Leon Trotsky as commissar for war in 1925. His “unitary military doctrine” asserted that the army should be trained to offensive action, united by its determina¬ tion to carry out the Communist Party’s task of promoting world revo¬ lution. He introduced peacetime compulsory military service and standardized military formations, drills, and uniforms. Frunze is regarded as one of the fathers of the Red Army.
Fry, Christopher orig. Christopher Harris (b. Dec. 18, 1907, Bris¬ tol, Gloucestershire, Eng.—d. June 30, 2005, Chichester, West Sussex) British playwright. He worked as an actor, director, and playwright before achieving success with The Lady’s Not for Burning (1948), an ironic comedy in verse set in medieval times. Noted for his wit and his religious
preoccupations, he wrote other verse plays, including Venus Observed (1950), A Sleep of Prisoners (1951), The Dark Is Light Enough (1954), and A Yard of Sun (1970). He also wrote several television plays and col¬ laborated on the screenplays of Ben Hur (1959) and Barabbas (1962).
Fry, Roger (Eliot) (b. Dec. 14, 1866, London, Eng.—d. Sept. 9, 1934, London) British art critic and artist. He gave up a career in science to study art in Italy. As a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (1906- 10), he discovered the work of the Post-Impressionists, and in 1910 he introduced Post-Impressionism to Britain by organizing the first of two highly significant exhibitions. With Clive Bell, Fry preached the importance of “significant form” over content in the artwork. Associated with the Bloomsbury group, he and several group members cofounded the Omega Workshops for arts and crafts in 1913. He was known as a brilliant lec¬ turer and the author of numerous books.
Frye, (Herman) Northrop (b. July 14, 1912, Sherbrooke, Que., Can.—d. Jan. 23, 1991, Toronto, Ont.) Canadian literary critic. He was educated in Canada and Britain and from 1939 taught at Victoria College. In Anatomy of Criticism (1957), his most influential work, he analyzed various modes of literary criticism and stressed the recurring importance of archetypal symbols in literature. His other critical works include the influential Fearful Symmetry: A Study of William Blake (1947), The Well- Tempered Critic (1963), The Secular Scripture (1976), The Great Code: The Bible and Literature (1982), and Northrop Frye on Shakespeare
(1986).
FTP in full file transfer protocol Internet protocol that allows a com¬ puter to send files to or receive files from another computer. Like many Internet resources, FTP works by means of a client-server architecture; the user runs client software to connect to a server on the Internet. On the FTP server, a program called a daemon allows the user to download and upload files. Before the World Wide Web was introduced, FTP was one of the most popular methods of exchanging information over the Internet and many Web sites still use it to disseminate their larger files.
Fu-chien See Fujian Fuchau See Fuzhou
Fuchs \'fuks\, (Emil) Klaus (Julius) (b. Dec. 29, 1911, Rtisselsheim, Ger.—d. Jan. 28, 1988, E.Ger.) German physicist and spy. He joined the German Communist Party in 1930 but fled Germany after the Nazi take¬ over in 1933. He settled in Britain, earned a doctorate at the University of Edinburgh, and became a British citizen in 1942. He worked on the atomic bomb in Britain and the U.S. In 1943 he began passing scientific secrets to the Soviet Union, which accelerated Soviet development of the atomic bomb by at least a year. His activities were detected in 1950, and he was imprisoned until 1959. After his release, he moved to East Ger¬ many, where he was appointed deputy director of the Central Institute for Nuclear Research.
fuchsia \'fyu-sho\ Any of about 100 species of flowering shrubs and trees in the genus Fuchsia (family Onagraceae), native to tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America and to New Zealand and Tahiti. Several species are grown in gardens as bedding plants, small shrubs, or miniature treelike specimens; others are grown as potted plants or in hanging baskets for indoor or greenhouse cultivation. Fuchsias are valued for their showy pendulous flowers, tubular to bell-shaped, in shades of red and purple to white.
fuel cell Device that converts chemical energy of a fuel directly into elec¬ tricity (see electrochemistry). Fuel cells are intrinsically more efficient than most other energy-conversion devices. Electrolytic chemical reactions cause electrons to be released on one electrode and flow through an exter¬ nal circuit to a second electrode. Whereas in batteries the electrodes are the source of the active ingredients, which are altered and depleted dur¬ ing the reaction, in fuel cells the gas or liquid fuel (often hydrogen, methyl alcohol, hydrazine, or a simple hydrocarbon) is supplied continuously to one electrode and oxygen or air to the other from an external source. So, as long as fuel and oxidant are supplied, the fuel cell will not run down or require recharging. Fuel cells can be used in place of virtually any other source of electricity. They are especially being developed for use in elec¬ tric automobiles, in the hope of achieving enormous reductions in pollu¬ tion.
fuel injection In an internal-combustion engine, introduction of fuel into the cylinders by a pump rather than by the suction created by the move-
Fruit fly (Trypetidae)
E.S. ROSS
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718 I Fuentes ► Fukuoka
ment of the pistons (see piston and cylinder). On diesel engines, which lack spark plugs, the heat created by compressing air in the cylinders ignites the fuel, which has been pumped in as a spray. In engines with spark igni¬ tion, fuel-injection pumps are often used instead of conventional carbu¬ retors. Fuel injection distributes the fuel more evenly to the cylinders than does a carburetor; more power can be developed and undesirable emis¬ sions are reduced. In engines with continuous combustion, such as gas turbines and liquid-fueled rockets, which have no pistons to create suction, fuel-injection systems are necessary.
Fuentes \fu-'en-tas\, Carlos (b. Nov. 11, 1928, Mexico City, Mex.) Mexican writer and diplomat. The son of a career diplomat, he traveled widely before studying law and entering the diplomatic service. He is best known for his experimental novels. His first. Where the Air Is Clear (1958), a bitter indictment of Mexican society, won him national prestige. The Death of Artemio Cruz (1962), about the final hours of an unscrupu¬ lous former revolutionary, made his international reputation. Among his later novels are Terra Nostra (1975), The Hydra Head (1978), The Old Gringo (1985), and The Years with Laura Diaz (1999). “The Buried Mir¬ ror” (1992) is a long essay on Hispanic cultures.
Fugard \fii-'gard\, Athol (Harold Lannigan) (b. June 11, 1932, Middleburg, S.Af.) South African playwright, director, and actor. He wrote two plays before The Blood Knot (1961), a penetrating analysis of apartheid, established his international reputation. He resumed the theme in Hello and Goodbye (1965) and Boesman and Lena (1969; film, 1973, with Fugard as Boesman). He experimented with an imagist approach to drama in Orestes (1971) and three other works, then returned to more traditionally structured plays. His “ Master Harold”...and the Boys (1982), The Road to Mecca (1984), and My Children! My Africa! (1989) were acclaimed in London and New York City. Fugard acted in the films Marigolds in August (1980), Gandhi (1982), and The Killing Fields