(1984).
Fugger Yfu-gar\ family German mercantile and banking dynasty that dominated European business in the 15th-16th centuries. The family busi¬ ness traces its origins to Hans (Johannes) Fugger (1348-1409), a weaver in Augsburg. Under his grandsons Ulrich (1441-1510), Georg (1453— 1506), and especially Jakob (1459-1525), the company became estab¬ lished in international trade, including the lucrative spice and slave trades, and built a fortune in copper and silver mining. Their loans to various kings and emperors and involvement with the sale of papal indulgences made family members highly influential in European politics and earned them the criticism of Martin Luther. The family’s influence declined after the 16th century, but three titled lines survived into the 20th century.
Fugitive Slave Acts U.S. laws of 1793 and 1850 (repealed in 1864) that provided for the seizure and return of runaway slaves. The 1793 law authorized a judge alone to decide the status of an alleged fugitive slave. Northern opposition led to enactment of state personal-liberty laws that entitled slaves to a jury trial and as early as 1810 prompted individuals to aid the Underground Railroad. Increased pressure from the South brought passage of the second statute in 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1 850. It imposed penalties on federal marshals who refused to enforce the law and on individuals who helped slaves to escape; fugitives could not testify on their own behalf, nor were they permitted a jury trial. Its severity led to increased interest in the abolition movement. Additional personal-liberty laws enacted by northern states to thwart the act were cited by South Carolina as justification for its secession in 1860.
fugue \'fyiig\ Musical composition characterized by systematic imita¬ tion of one or more themes in counterpoint. Fugues vary greatly in their actual form. The principal theme (subject) is imitated—i.e., repeated suc¬ cessively in similar form at different pitch levels by different parts or voices—in the so-called exposition. The countersubject is the continua¬ tion of the subject that accompanies the subject theme’s subsequent entries in the other voices. Episodes using modified themes often sepa¬ rate the subject’s entries. The fugue emerged gradually from the imitative polyphony of the 13th century. Johann Sebastian Bach’s keyboard fugues are the most famous of all. The works of Bach and George Frideric Han¬ del inspired the later fugues of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, and others, many of whom commonly included fugues in the final movements of symphonies, string quartets, and sonatas.
Fuji, Mount or Fujiyama Japanese Fuji-san Mountain, central Japan. The highest mountain in Japan, it rises to 12,388 ft (3,776 m) near the Pacific coast in central Honshu. Mount Fuji, with its graceful volca¬
nic cone (dormant since 1707), has become famous internationally. It is considered a sacred symbol of Japan, and thousands of Japanese climb to the shrine on its peak every summer. The mountain is the major feature of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, created in 1936.
Fujian \'fu-'jyen\ or Fu-chien conventional Fukien Vfii-'kyenV Prov¬ ince (pop., 2002 est.: 34,660,000), southeastern China. Located on the southeastern coast, it is bounded by the East China Sea and Taiwan Strait and Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces. It has an area of 47,500 sq mi (123,100 sq km), and its capital is Fuzhou. The province’s bound¬ aries were established during the Song dynasty (1127-1279), when it became an important shipbuilding and commercial centre for overseas and coastal trade. It declined when the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) banned maritime commerce. Its coastal cities were occupied by the Japanese in World War II, and the 3rd Field Army took control of the province in 1949. In addition to being an important agricultural region, it is an area of special economic zones established in 1979 to attract foreign invest¬ ment to China.
Fujimori \,fu-je-'m6-re\, Alberto (Kenyo) (b. July 28, 1938, Lima, Peru) President of Peru (1990-2000). The son of Japanese immigrants, he graduated from Agrarian National University in 1961. He first entered politics in 1989 as the head of the new political party Cambio 90 (“Change 90”). He won a surprise victory in the 1990 presidential election and in 1992 he dissolved the National Congress and took other steps to concen¬ trate power in the presidency. He claimed credit for the capture of the leader of the Shining Path rebel movement later that year and, in 1997, the successful storming of the Japanese ambassador’s residence in Lima, where Tupac Amaru guerrillas had held dozens of hostages. He was reelected in 1995 and asserted victory, despite charges of fraud, in the 2000 election, but scandal involving his secret-police chief caused him to flee to Japan.
Fujiwara Vfu-je-'wa-ra\ family Dynastic family that dominated Japa¬ nese court government in the 9th-12th centuries. The family maintained a close relationship to the imperial family by marrying its daughters to emperors so that their grandsons and nephews became emperors. The Fujiwara acted as regents for child emperors and later created the post of kampaku, or chancellor, essentially a regent for an adult emperor. Fuji¬ wara Michinaga (966-1028), who married three daughters to emperors and a fourth to an heir apparent, epitomized Fujiwara power and glory; his ascendancy marked the height of the Heian period, during which Murasaki Shikibu wrote The Tale ofGenji. The family’s power at court waned after Michinaga and was eliminated in the 12th century.
See also Sugawara Michizane.
Fujiwara style Japanese sculp¬ tural style of the late Heian period (897-1185). The style of the princi¬ pal icons accorded with the emo¬ tional appeal of Pure Land Buddhism, introduced to counter the older eso¬ teric sects. The sculpted figures, though still full and fleshy, were more elegant and heavily poly- chromed, with elaborate cut-gold (kirikane) patterns in the drapery.
The facial type was aristocratic.
Delicacy of expression was achieved by a joined-wood technique invented by Jocho. Interest in decorative effects can be seen in the applied jewelry, which in earlier periods had been painted or modeled on the sculpture’s surface.
Fukien See Fujian
Fukuoka \,fu-ku-'o-ka\ City (pop.,
2000 prelim.: 1,341,489) and port,
Japan. It incorporates the former city of Hakata and is located on the
Kichijo-ten (Sanskrit Mahasri; the god¬ dess of good luck), polychrome wood sculpture, Fujiwara style, late Heian period, late 12th century; at Joruri Temple, near Nara, Japan.
ASUKA-EN, JAPAN
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Fulani ► Fullerton I 719
southern coast of Hakata Bay. An ancient port, it was the scene of attempted invasions by Kublai Khan in the 13th century. It is now a regional commercial, industrial, administrative, and cultural centre. It contains an active fishing port and is the site of Kyushu University (1911). Hakata ningyo, elaborately costumed ceramic figurines found in most Japanese homes, are made there.
Fulani Vfii-,la-ne\ Primarily Muslim people, numbering about 18 mil¬ lion, found in many parts of West Africa, from Lake Chad west to the Atlantic coast. Their language is Fula, an Atlantic language of the Niger-Congo family. Originally they were herders, but interaction with other groups produced marked cul¬ tural changes. In the 1790s the Fulani priest Usman dan Fodio led a holy war (jihad) that created a large empire. Its decay in the 19th century aided the establishment of British rule over northern Nigeria. Many Fulani of northern Nigeria have adopted the Hausa language and cul¬ ture and established themselves as an urban aristocracy.