Gallaudet \,gal-3-'det\ University Private university for deaf and hard-of-hearing students in Washington, D.C., U.S. It has its roots in a school for deaf and blind children founded in 1856 by Amos Kendall and headed (1857-1910) by Edward M. Gallaudet, son of Thomas Gallaudet, founder of the first school for the deaf in the U.S. It consists of a college of arts and sciences, a graduate school, and schools of communications, management, education and human services, and continuing education.
gallbladder Muscular membranous sac under the liver that stores and concentrates bile. Pear-shaped and expandable, it holds about 1.7 fluid oz (50 ml). Its inner surface absorbs water and inorganic salts from bile, which becomes 5-18 times more concentrated than when it leaves the liver. The gallbladder contracts to discharge bile through the bile duct into the duodenum. Disorders include gallstones and inflammation (cholecys¬ titis). Surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) has no seri¬ ous side effects.
Galle \ga-'la\, Emile (b. May 8, 1846, Nancy, Fr.—d. Sept. 23, 1904, Nancy) French glass and furniture designer. From 1867 he worked in his father’s faience and furniture fac¬ tory in Nancy. His deeply coloured opaque pieces, layered and carved or etched with plant motifs, were a great success at the Paris Exhibitions of 1878 and 1889 and were widely imitated. He used wheel cutting, acid etching, casing, and such special effects as metallic foil and air bubbles to produce what he called “marquetry of glass.” His furniture designs featured floral inlay and carving; some incorporated inlaid quotations from well-known authors.
A proponent of the Art Nouveau style, he collaborated with many col¬ leagues, notably Louis Majorelle.
gallery In architecture, a long, covered space open on one side, such as a portico or a colonnade. It may be recessed into a wall or elevated on columns or corbels, and it often serves as a passageway. Within an interior, a gallery may be a platform or upper floor projecting from a wall (e.g., in a legislative house) with seating for spectators. In a church nave, the long, narrow platforms sup¬ ported by colonnades are called tribune galleries. In a theatre, the gallery is the highest balcony and generally has the cheapest seats. Galleries appeared in Renaissance houses as long, narrow rooms used both as prom¬ enades and to exhibit art. The modem art gallery is their descendant.
galley Farge seagoing vessel propelled primarily by oars. The Egyp¬ tians, Cretans, and other ancient peoples used sail-equipped galleys for war and commerce. The Phoenicians apparently introduced the bireme (c. 700 bc), which had two banks of oars staggered on either side. The Greeks first built the trireme c. 500 bc. War galleys would cruise in columns and would engage the enemy as a line abreast. A galley would close with the enemy at the bow, which was equipped with a ram, grappling irons, and missile-hurling devices. Invention of the lateen (fore-and-aft) sail and the stem rudder rendered the galley obsolete for commerce, but its greater maneuverability maintained its military importance into the 16th century. See also longship.
Galli Bibiena \'gal-le-beb-'yen-a\ family Eighteenth-century Italian architects and theatrical designers. The family took its final name from the birthplace of its progenitor, the artist Giovanni Maria Galli (1625- 65). His descendants are noted for dazzling theatrical designs of spacious proportions achieved by the use of intricate perspective. Giovanni’s son Ferdinando Galli Bibiena (1657-1743) studied painting and architecture
and worked for the duke of Parma. He designed scenery for court fes¬ tivities and operas in Barcelona and Vienna and was architect of the royal theatre at Mantua. His brother Francesco (1659-1739) was the ducal architect at Mantua and built theatres in Vienna, Nancy (France), Verona, and Rome. Ferdinando’s son Giuseppe (1696-1757), the most distin¬ guished of the family, remained in Vienna to become chief organizer of splendid court functions. Engravings of his stage sets were published in three series (1716, 1723, 1740-44). He designed the interior of the the¬ atre at Bayreuth in 1748. His brothers Alessandro and Antonio were also architects and designers of note. His son Carlo (1728-87), the last of the illustrious family, worked in theatres throughout Europe.
Gallia Narbonensis See Narbonensis
Gallic Wars (58 -50 bc) Campaigns in which Julius Caesar conquered Gaul. Clad in his blood-red cloak as a “distinguishing mark of battle,” he led his troops to victories throughout the province, relying on superior strategy, tactics, discipline, and military engineering. In 58 he drove back the Helvetii from Rome’s northwestern frontier, then subdued the Belgic group of Gallic peoples in the north (57), reconquered the Veneti (56), crossed the Rhine River to raid Germany (55), and crossed the English Channel to raid Britain (55, 54). His major triumph was the defeat of Vercingetorix in 52. He described the campaigns in De bello Gallico.
Gallicanism Vga-la-ko-.ni-zomX French eccelesiastical and government policies designed to restrict the papacy’s power. It affirmed the indepen¬ dence of the French king in the temporal realm, the superiority of an ecu¬ menical council over the pope, and the union of king and clergy to limit the intervention of the pope within France. Gallicanism was opposed to Ultramontanism, which championed papal authority. The doctrine was important in the medieval struggle between church and state. In 1438, after several conflicts between kings and popes, Charles VII issued the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, affirming that a pope was subject to a gen¬ eral council and that his jurisdiction was conditioned by the royal will.
Gallieni \gal-ya-'ne\, Joseph Simon (b. April 24, 1849, Saint-Beat, France—d. May 27, 1916, Versailles) French army officer. As governor of the French Sudan (1886-88), he successfully combated rebel Sudanese forces. After service in Indochina (1892-96), he returned to Africa as governor-general of Madagascar (1896-1905) and won a reputation as a judicious and flexible colonial master. He successfully integrated both African territories into the French colonial empire. Named military com¬ mander of Paris just before World War I, he fought in the First Battle of the Marne and became minister of war in 1915. He was posthumously created marshal of France (1921).
Gallienus V.gal-e-'e-nssV Publius Licinius Egnatius (b. c. 218—d.
268) Roman emperor who ruled jointly with his father, Valerian (253- 260), then alone (260-268). With the empire disintegrating under foreign invasions, the Senate made Gallienus co-emperor. He took charge of the western frontiers, winning a series of battles against the Goths and oth¬ ers. When the Persians devastated the East and his father died in captiv¬ ity, Gallienus was left with only Italy and the Balkans. Later the Goths attacked anew; he was killed while trying to put down an insurgency. His reforms as emperor included the transfer of army command to profes¬ sional equestrian officers, expansion of the cavalry, and an intellectual renaissance at Rome, discernible in its art and literature.
gallinule Vga-lo-.ntilX Any of several species of marsh birds (family Rallidae) found in temperate, tropi¬ cal, and subtropical regions world¬ wide. Gallinules are about 12-18 in.
(30—45 cm) long, with a compressed body like those of the related rails and coots. They have a fleshy plate on the forehead and long, thin toes that enable them to run on floating vegetation. Many species have brightly coloured areas of plumage or skin. They are noisy, inquisitive, and less secretive than most rails.
Many are migratory. They build a bulky nest of rushes on or near the water. See also moorhen.
Gallipoli \go-'li-p3-le\ Turkish Gelibolu \,ge-le-bo-Tu\ ancient Cal- lipolis Seaport and town (pop., 2000 est.: 23,100), European Turkey. It lies on a narrow peninsula at the entrance to the Sea of Marmara, south-