Andijon \,an-di-'jan\ or Andizhan \,an-di-'zhan\ City (pop., 1998 est.: 288,000), eastern Uzbekistan. Dating to at least the 9th century ad, it was an important trading centre in the 15th century because of its location on the Silk Road. Part of the khanate of Kokand (see Qo'qon) in the 18th century, it was captured by the Russians in 1876. The surrounding area is the most densely populated part of Uzbekistan and the country’s main petroleum-producing region.
Andocides \an-'da-si-,dez\ (b. c. 440—d. c. 390 bc) Athenian orator and politician. He went into exile (415-403 bc) after being implicated in and having informed on those responsible for the mutilation of the sacred busts of Hermes just before the Athenian expedition to Sicily. He returned after the restoration of Athenian democracy. He helped arrange a treaty with Sparta in the Corinthian War (392), but Athens rejected it and exiled him and the other ambassadors.
Andorra officially Principality of Andorra Independent coprinci¬ pality, southwestern Europe. Area: 179 sq mi (464 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 74,800. Capitaclass="underline" Andorra la Vella. Lying on the southern
is Spanish or Andorran. Language: Cata¬ lan (official). Religion: Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholic; also other Christians). Currency: euro. Andorra’s independence is traditionally ascribed to Charlemagne, who recovered the region from the Muslims in ad 803. It was placed under the joint suzerainty of the French counts of Foix and the Spanish bishops of Urgel in 1278, and it was subsequently governed jointly by the Spanish bishop of Urgel and the French head of state. This feudal system of government, the last in Europe, continued until 1993, when a constitution was adopted that transferred most of the coprinces’ powers to the Andorran General Council, which is elected by universal suffrage. Andorra has long had a strong affinity with Catalonia;
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
70 I Andorra la Vella ► Andric
its institutions are based in Catalonian law, and it is part of the diocese of Urgel (Spain). The traditional economy was based on sheep raising, but tourism grew in importance since the 1950s and became central to Andorra’s economy by the early 21st century.
Andorra la Vella \an-'d6r-3-la-'vel-ya\ Town (pop., 2001 est.: 20,800), capital of Andorra. It lies near the confluence of the Valira and Valira del Norte rivers. The town long remained relatively isolated from the outside world, but its population began to grow after World War II as tourists began arriving at the nearby sports areas. Because of its country’s duty-free status, the town has become a retail shopping centre for other Europeans.
Andrada e Silva \a n -'dra-tha-e-'sil-va\, Jose Bonifacio de known as Jose Bonifacio \zhu-'ze- l bo-ni- , fa-se-o\ (b. c. 1763, Santos, Braz.—d. April 6, 1838, Niteroi) Chief architect of Brazil’s independence from Portugal. Andrada was bom in Brazil but educated in Portugal, where he became a distinguished scholar. On returning to Brazil in 1819, he functioned as chief minister of the Portuguese prince regent (later the emperor Pedro I), who had fled Portugal with the rest of the royal family to escape Napoleon. Andrada was the leading intellectual advocate of independence. After Pedro I declared Brazil independent in 1822, he served as prime minister and as tutor to the child emperor Pedro II, who became an effective and enlightened monarch.
Andrassy \'an-,dra-se\ Gyula, Count (b. March 3, 1823, Kassa, Hung., Austrian Empire—d. Feb. 18, 1890, Volosco, Istria, Austria- Hungary) Hungarian politician. A follower of Kossuth Lajos, Andrassy helped lead the unsuccessful revolt of 1848—49, then fled into exile until 1857. He supported the creation of the Dual Monarchy of Austria- Hungary and played a major role in negotiating the Compromise of 1867. He served as Hungary’s first prime minister (1867-71) and later as for¬ eign minister (1871-79), in which he helped strengthen Austria- Hungary’s international position. Just before resigning, he signed the fateful Austro-German Alliance (1879) that linked those two powers until the end of World War I.
Andre, Carl (b. Sept. 16, 1935, Quincy, Mass., U.S.) U.S. sculptor. The son of a draftsman for a shipbuilding firm, he attended Phillips Andover Academy and Northeastern University. He moved to New York City in 1957 and soon was producing large-scale horizontal sculptures out of steel plates, slabs of granite, styrofoam planks, bricks, and cement blocks, using a grid system based on simple mathematical principles. His work from this period was often intended to be placed directly on the gallery or museum floor; its monumental austerity was central to the Minimalist movement. Beginning in the 1970s he also experimented with large-scale wood sculpture.
Andre \'an-dre\, John (b. May 2, 1750, London, Eng.—d. Oct. 2, 1780, Tappan, N.Y., U.S.) British army officer and spy. From 1774 he was the chief intelligence officer of the British commander Henry Clinton at New York. In 1779 Andre began corresponding with Gen. Benedict Arnold, who had become disillusioned with the American cause. In 1780 he obtained Arnold’s agreement to surrender the West Point fort. Andre was captured while returning to New York, and incriminating papers were found in his boot; he was found guilty of espionage and hanged.
Andrea del Sarto \an-'dra-3-del-'sar-to\ orig. Andrea d'Agnolo
(b. July 16, 1486, Florence—d. Sept. 28, 1530, Florence) Italian painter active in Florence. After an apprenticeship with Piero di Cosimo, he became established as one of the outstanding painters of Florence, most notably as a fresco decorator and painter of altarpieces in the style of the High Renaissance. His feeling for colour and atmosphere was unrivaled among Florentine painters. One of his most striking achievements was the series of grisaille frescoes on the life of St. John the Baptist (1511-26) in the Chiostro dello Scalzo. His work is noted particularly for its technical per¬ fection. See photograph above.
Andreanof \,an-dre-'a-n6f\ Islands Group of the Aleutian Islands, southwestern Alaska, U.S. Lying between the Pacific Ocean and the Ber¬ ing Sea, the islands extend east to west about 270 mi (430 km) between the Fox and Rat island groups. They were strategically important in World War II, when U.S. military bases were developed, especially on Adak Island. Other islands in the group include Atka, Tanaga, and Kanaga.
Andreini \,an-dra-'e-ne\ family Italian actors. After their marriage, Francesco Andreini (1548-1624) and Isabella Canali Andreini (1562— 1604) founded the Compagnia dei Gelosi, one of the earliest and most
famous of the commedia dell'arte troupes. Their son Giovambattista Andreini (15797-1654) acted in his parents’ company until c. 1601, when he formed his own troupe, the Compagnia dei Fedeli. This troupe was invited to the French court in Paris, where Giovambattista Andreini wrote the play Adamo (1613), supposedly the inspiration for English poet John Milton’s Para¬ dise Lost.
Andretti, Mario (Gabriel) (b.
Feb. 28, 1940, Montona, Italy) Italian-born U.S. automobile-racing driver. He became interested in rac¬ ing in Italy before moving to the U.S. in 1955. His notable wins include the United States Automobile Club (USAC) championship (1965-66, 1969), the Daytona Beach 500 stock- car race (1967), the Sebring Grand Prix (1967, 1970), the Indianapolis 500 (1969), and the Formula I world driving championship (1978). He retired from competition in 1994.
Andrew, Saint (d. ad 60/70, Patras, Achaia; feast day November 30) One of the Twelve Apostles, brother of St. Peter, and patron saint of Scot¬ land and Russia. According to the Gospels, he was a fisherman and a dis¬ ciple of John the Baptist. Early Byzantine tradition calls Andrew protokletos, “first called.” He and Peter were called from their fishing by Jesus, who promised to make them fishers of men. Early church legends tell of Andrew’s missionary work around the Black Sea. A 4th-century tradition says he was crucified; 13th-century tradition states that the cross was X-shaped. His relics were moved several times after his death; his head was kept in St. Peter’s in Rome from the 15th century until 1964, when the pope returned it to Greece as a gesture of goodwill.