Gamier \garn-'ya\, Tony (b. Aug. 13, 1869, Lyon, Fr.—d. Jan. 19, 1948, Roquefort-la Bedoule) French architect. The son of Charles Gam¬ ier (see Paris Opera), he held the position of architect of Lyon from 1905 to 1919. He is known chiefly for his Cite Industrielle, a farsighted plan for an industrial city. Most striking is his depiction of simplified reinforced-concrete forms inspired by the pioneering work of Auguste Perret. The most important work in Lyon to emerge from his Cite Indus¬ trielle plan was the large stockyard complex of 1908-24.
garnishment In law, attachment of a debtor’s wages to satisfy a judg¬ ment. Under a garnishment order, the court requires the employer to deduct and pay to the creditor a percentage of the debtor’s salary until the debt is satisfied. As legal redress, the practice can be traced to Roman law. See also debtor and creditor.
Garonne \ga-'ron\ River ancient Garumna River, southwestern France. The most important river of southwestern France, it is 357 mi (575 km) long. Formed by two glacial headstreams in the central Span¬ ish Pyrenees, it flows north through mountain passes and descends to flow east across France. It continues to Toulouse and then to Bordeaux, where it is 1,800 ft (550 m) across. Flowing by the wine-growing Entre-deux- Mers peninsula, it unites with the Dordogne River 16 mi (26 km) north of Bordeaux to form the vast Gironde estuary.
Garrett, Pat(rick Floyd) (b. June 5, 1850, Chambers county, Ala., U.S.—d. Feb. 29, 1908, near Las Cruces, N.M.) U.S. lawman. He worked as a cowboy and buffalo hunter until 1879, when he settled in Lincoln county, N.M., and became sheriff. In 1881 he tracked down and shot the escaped outlaw Billy the Kid. He was later a rancher near Roswell, N.M., deputy sheriff and then sheriff of Dona Ana county, N.M., and customs collector in El Paso, Texas. He was fatally shot in an apparent dispute over the lease of his ranch, though suspicions lingered that he was executed by an enemy from his days as sheriff.
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738 i Garrick ► gas chromatography
Garrick, David (b. Feb. 19, 1717, Hereford, Herefordshire, Eng.—d. Jan. 20, 1779, London) British actor, producer, and playwright. Tutored in his boyhood by Samuel Johnson, he settled in London as a wine mer¬ chant before winning fame with his acting debut as Richard III in 1741. In diverse roles in plays such as King Lear, Hamlet, and Ben Jonson’s The Alchemist, he was acclaimed for his naturalistic style and came to be regarded as one of England’s greatest actors. As part owner and manager of the Drury Lane Theatre (1747-76) he made it London’s most prosper¬ ous theatre, reformed theatrical stage practices, and replaced many Res¬ toration adaptations of Shakespeare with his own versions. He wrote over 20 plays.
Garrison, William Lloyd (b. Dec. 10/12, 1805, Newburyport, Mass., U.S.—d. May 24, 1879, New York,
N.Y.) U.S. journalist and abolitionist.
He was editor of the National Phi¬ lanthropist (Boston) newspaper in 1828 and the Journal of the Times (Bennington, Vt.) in 1828-29, both dedicated to moral reform. In 1829 he and Benjamin Lundy edited the Genius of Universal Emancipation.
In 1831 he founded The Liberator, which became the most radical of the antislavery journals. In 1833 he helped found the American Anti- Slavery Society. In 1837 he renounced church and state and embraced the doctrines of Christian “perfectionism,” which combined abolition, women’s rights, and non- resistance with the biblical injunc¬ tion to “come out” from a corrupt society by refusing to obey its laws and support its institutions. His radi¬ cal blend of pacifism and anarchism precipitated a crisis in the Anti- Slavery Society, a majority of whose members chose to secede when he and his followers voted a series of resolutions admitting women (1840). In the two decades between the schism of 1840 and the American Civil War, Garrison’s influence waned as his radicalism increased. Through The Liberator he denounced the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas- Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision and hailed John Brown’s raid. During the Civil War he forswore pacifism to support Pres. Abraham Lin¬ coln and welcomed the Emancipation Proclamation. In 1865 he retired but continued to press for women’s suffrage, temperance, and free trade.
Garson, Greer (b. Sept. 29, 1904, Manor Park, London, Eng.—d. April 6, 1996, Dallas, Texas, U.S.) British-born U.S. film actress. A stage actress in England from 1932, she was acclaimed in her first U.S. film, Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939), and later in Mrs. Miniver (1942, Academy Award). Known for her portrayals of women of moral courage and vir¬ tue, she starred in films such as Pride and Prejudice (1940), Madame Curie (1943), and Mrs. Parkington (1944). She retired around 1955 but returned to the screen as Eleanor Roosevelt in Sunrise at Campobello
(1960).
garter snake Any of more than a dozen species of snakes (genus Thamnophis, family Colubridae) with a striped pattern that resembles a garter: usually one or three longi¬ tudinal yellow or red stripes, with checkered blotches between. Forms in which the stripes are obscure or lacking are called grass snakes.
Found in gardens and vacant lots, garters are among the most common snakes from Canada to Central America. They are small (usually less than 24 in., or 60 cm, long) and harmless, though some will strike if provoked. They eat insects, earth¬ worms, and amphibians.
Garter, (The Most Noble) Order of the English order of knight¬ hood founded by Edward III in 1348 and considered the highest British honor. Legend holds that it was created after an incident in which Edward
was dancing with the Countess of Salisbury, when one of her garters dropped to the floor. As bystanders snickered, Edward gallantly picked up the garter and put it on his own leg, admonishing the courtiers in French with what is now the order’s motto, “Honi soit qui mal y pense” (“Shame to him who thinks evil of it”). Membership consists of the British sov¬ ereign and the prince of Wales, each with 25 “knight companions.”
Garuda Vg9-ru-d9\ In Hindu mythology, the bird (similar to a kite or eagle) on whom the god Vishnu rides. Garuda was a younger brother of Aruna, charioteer of the sun god Surya. His mother was enslaved by nagas (hence the emnity between kites and serpents) and was released only after Garuda brought the serpents an elixir of immortality. He is associated with royalty in several S.East Asian countries.
Garvey, Marcus (Moziah) (b. Aug. 17, 1887, St. Ann’s Bay, Jam.—d. June 10, 1940, London,
Eng.) Jamaican-born U.S. black- nationalist leader. In 1914 he founded the Universal Negro Improve¬ ment Association; after moving to the U.S. in 1916, he established branches in New York’s Harlem and other black neighbourhoods in the North. By 1919 the rising “Black Moses” claimed a following of about two million, to whom he spoke of a “new Negro,” proud of being black.
His newspaper, Negro World (1919—
33), advocated an independent black economy within the framework of white capitalism, and he established black-run businesses, including the Black Star shipping line. In 1920 he convened an international conven¬ tion to unify blacks and encourage trade between Africa and the U.S.
His influence declined rapidly when he was indicted in 1922 for mail fraud. After he had served two years in prison, his sentence was com¬ muted and he was deported (1927). His movement, the first important black-nationalist movement in the U.S., soon died out.