Andrew II Hungarian Endre (b. 1175—d. Oct. 26, 1235) King of Hungary (1205-35). His reign was marked by controversy with the landed nobility, who drained royal funds and reduced Hungary to a state of near anarchy. Rebellious nobles murdered his first wife, Gertrude of Meran, in 1213. Andrew led a Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217. On his return he agreed to the Golden Bull of 1222, limiting royal rights, guaranteeing jus¬ tice, promising improved coinage, and giving nobles the right to resist royal decrees. His daughter was St. Elizabeth of Hungary.
Andrews, Dame Julie orig. Julia Elizabeth Wells (b. Oct. 1, 1935, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, Eng.) British-U.S. actress and singer. She made her London debut at 12 in a revue and her New York City stage debut in The Boy Friend (1954). A major star of the Broadway musical, she originated the roles of Eliza Doolittle in My Fair Lady (1956) and Guinevere in Camelot (1960). She also starred in films such as Mary Poppins (1964, Academy Award), and VictorAdctoria (1982), one of sev¬ eral films she made with her husband, director Blake Edwards. In 2000 she was made a Dame of the British Empire.
Andrews, Roy Chapman (b. Jan. 26, 1884, Beloit, Wis., U.S.—d. March 11, 1960, Carmel, Calif.) U.S. naturalist, explorer, and author. In 1906 he joined the staff of the American Museum of Natural History, where he would spend much of his working life. There he assembled one of the best collections of cetaceans in the world before turning his atten¬ tion to Asiatic exploration. He led expeditions to Tibet, southwestern China, and Burma (1916—17); northern China and Outer Mongolia (1919); and Central Asia. Important discoveries included the first known dinosaur eggs, skeleton parts of Baluchitherium (the largest known land mammal), and evidence of prehistoric human life. His many books for the general public include Across Mongolian Plains (1921) and This Amazing Planet
(1940).
Andric Van-drich\, Ivo (b. Oct. 10, 1892, Dolac, near Travnik, Bosnia—d. March 13, 1975, Belgrade, Yugos.) Bosnian writer. He estab¬ lished his reputation with Ex Ponto (1918), which he wrote while interned for nationalist political activities in World War I. He later served as a Yugoslavian diplomat. Collections of his short stories were published from 1920 onward. Of his three novels, written during World War II,
Marriage of St. Catherine, oil on panel by Andrea del Sarto, 1512-13; in the Gemaldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden, Ger.
SACHSISCHE LANDESBIBLIOTHEK/ABTEILUNG DEUTSCHE FOTOTHEK/A. ROUS
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
androgen ► aneurysm I 71
two —The Bridge on the Drina (1945) and Bosnian Story (1945)—are about the history of Bosnia. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Litera¬ ture in 1961.
androgen Van-dro-joM Any of a group of hormones that mainly influ¬ ence the development of the male reproductive system. The main and most active androgen is testosterone, produced by cells in the testes. Androgens produced in smaller quantities, mainly by the adrenal gland but also by the testes, support the functions of testosterone. Androgens cause the nor¬ mal changes of puberty in boys’ bodies and then influence sperm-cell for¬ mation, sexual interest and behaviour, and male pattern baldness. Females produce trace quantities of androgens, mostly in the adrenal glands, as well as in the ovaries.
Andromeda \an-'dra-m3-do\ In Greek mythology, the wife of Perseus. She was the daughter of King Cepheus and Queen Cassiope of Joppa in Palestine (called Ethiopia). Her mother boasted that Andromeda was more beautiful than the Nereids, and Poseidon punished her by sending a sea monster to devastate Joppa. To appease the gods, Andromeda was chained to a rock and left to be devoured by the monster. Perseus flew by on Pegasus, fell in love with Andromeda, and slew the monster. She married him and bore him six sons and a daughter. After her death she became a constellation.
Andromeda \an-'dro-m3-d3\ Galaxy or M31 Great spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda. It is the nearest spiral galaxy outside the Milky Way Galaxy and one of the few visible to the unaided eye, appear¬ ing as a milky blur. About 2 million light-years from Earth, it has a diam¬ eter of about 200,000 light-years, which makes it the largest galaxy in the Local Group. For centuries astronomers considered it part of the Milky Way; only in the 1920s did Edwin Hubble determine conclusively that it was a separate galaxy.
Andronicus I Comnenus \ I an-dr3- , nI-k9s...kam-'ne-n3s\ (b. 1118, Constantinople—d. Sept. 1185, Constantinople) Byzantine emperor (1183-85), the last of the Comnenus dynasty. A cousin of Manuel I Com¬ nenus, he raised an army and seized power in 1182, causing a massacre of Westerners in Constantinople. He was crowned coemperor with Alexius II in 1183; two months later he had Alexius strangled and married his 13-year-old widow. Andronicus reformed the Byzantine government and asserted the independence of the Eastern church, provoking a Sicilian Nor¬ man invasion. News of the Normans’ approach led to a revolt, in which Andronicus was killed by a mob and Isaac II Angelus was declared emperor.
Andronicus II Palaeologus \,pa-le-'al-3-g3s\ (b. c. 1260, Constantinople—d. Feb. 13, 1332, Constantinople) Byzantine emperor (1282-1328). The son of Michael VIII Palaeologus, he was an intellectual and theologian rather than a soldier and statesman, and during his reign the Byzantine Empire declined to the status of a minor state. Ottoman Turks controlled Anatolia by 1300, and Serbs dominated the Balkans. By sid¬ ing with Genoa in the war between Genoa and Venice, Andronicus pro¬ voked an attack by the Venetian navy. Despite the rising political disorder, he promoted Byzantine art and the independence of the Eastern Ortho¬ dox church. Deposed by his grandson Andronicus III Palaeologus, he entered a monastery.
Andronicus III Palaeologus (b. March 25, 1297, Constanti¬ nople—d. June 15, 1341, Constantinople) Byzantine emperor (1328-41). He forced his grandfather Andronicus II Palaeologus to make him coem¬ peror (1325) and then to abdicate (1328). He relied on John VI Cantacuze- nus to reform the courts and rebuild the imperial navy. He ceded control of Macedonia to Serbia (1334) and lost land to the Ottoman Turks in Ana¬ tolia, but he regained some Aegean islands from the Genoese and reas¬ serted control of Epirus and Thessaly.
Andropov Van-'dro-.pofV Yury (Vladimirovich) (b. June 15, 1914, Nagutskoye, Russia—d. Feb 9, 1984, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.) Soviet leader. He joined the Communist Party in 1939 and rose rapidly in the party hierarchy. His tenure as head of the KGB (1967-82) was noted for its suppression of political dissidents. In 1982 he succeeded Leonid Brezh¬ nev as general secretary of the party’s Central Committee, but ill health quickly overtook him, and he accomplished little else before his death 15 months later.
Andros \,an-dr3s\ Island (pop., 2000: 7,686), The Bahamas. The Baha¬ mas’ largest island, it extends about 100 mi (160 km) north to south and about 45 mi (72 km) east to west; its area is 2,300 sq mi (6,000 sq km). Just off its eastern coast is the third largest barrier reef in the world.
Andros Van-drssV, Sir Edmund (b. Dec. 6, 1637, London, Eng.—d. Feb. 24, 1714, London) English colonial administrator in North America. Appointed governor of New York and New Jersey in 1674, he was recalled in 1681 following complaints from colonists. He returned in 1686 as gov¬ ernor of the Dominion of New England, a kind of supercolony imposed by Britain. His interference in local government aroused sharp resentment among the colonists, and in 1688 they revolted and imprisoned him. Andros was recalled to England but returned as governor of Virginia (1692) and Maryland (1693-94).