Grand Traverse Vtra-v9rs\ Bay Northeast arm of Lake Michigan, indenting northwestern Michigan, U.S. Located off the coast of the Lower Peninsula, the head of the bay is 32 mi (52 km) long and 12 mi (19 km) wide. It is divided into the east and west arms by Old Mission Peninsula, with Traverse City at its base. The Leelanau Peninsula lies west of the bay, which is noted for its year-round fishing. The area is an important summer resort region.
Grand Trunk Railway Early Canadian railway line, incorporated in 1852-53 to connect the key cities of eastern Canada with Portland, Me. By completing its final link in July 1853 between Montreal and Portland, it became North America’s first international railroad. The main Cana¬ dian line between Montreal and Toronto opened in 1856, and the Grand
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790 i grand unified theory ► Grant
Trunk eventually became the main rail system of Quebec and Ontario. It merged with the Great Western Railway (1882) and became part of the Canadian National Railways (1919-23).
grand unified theory or grand unification theory (GUT) Theory that attempts to unify the electroweak force (see electroweak theory) with the strong force. The unification of all four fundamental inter¬ actions is sometimes called unified field theory. Such theories generally predict that a proton decays into lighter particles. So far, no successful GUTs have been devised.
Grande, Rio See Rio Grande
grande ecole \gra n -da-'kol\ (French: “great school”) Any of several preeminent specialized institutions of higher learning in France. The Ecole Poly technique was founded in 1794 to recruit and train technicians for the army. The Ecole Normale Superieure serves mainly to prepare future university and lycee (senior secondary-school) teachers. The Ecole Nor¬ male d’Administration trains the highest ranks of civil servants. The inter¬ nationally renowned College de France (founded 1530) is a research institution that offers lectures by eminent scholars; it does not grant degrees or certificates. Other grandes ecoles include institutes for advanced study in social science, architecture, and the arts.
grandfather clause Constitutional provision enacted by seven South¬ ern U.S. states (1895-1910) to deny suffrage to African American men. It exempted descendants of men who voted before 1867 from meeting new literacy and property requirements. Since African American men were not granted voting rights until passage of the 15th Amendment in 1870, this clause effectively prevented them, and many impoverished and illiterate whites, from voting. The U.S. Supreme Court declared such clauses unconstitutional in 1915.
Grandi Ygran-de\, Dino, count di Mordano (b. June 4, 1895, Mor- dano, Italy—d. May 21, 1988, Bologna) Italian politician. He made an unsuccessful bid for leadership of Italy’s Fascists in 1921, losing to Benito Mussolini, but then held a succession of high government posts (1924- 43), including foreign minister (1929-33). In July 1943, as chair of the Grand Council of Fascism, he attacked Mussolini and proposed a motion of no confidence; passage of the resolution deposed Mussolini. Grandi fled to Lisbon, then moved to Brazil, but eventually returned to Italy.
Grandma Moses See Grandma Moses
Grange, Red orig. Harold Grange (b. June 13, 1903, Forksville, Pa., U.S.—d. Jan. 28, 1991, Lake Wales, Fla.) U.S. gridiron football player. He had an outstanding colle¬ giate career at the University of Illi¬ nois, where in 1924 he ran for five touchdowns in a single game against the University of Michigan and earned the nickname “the Galloping Ghost.” In 1925 he joined the Chi¬ cago Bears and embarked on a barn¬ storming tour that stimulated public interest in professional football.
After suffering a knee injury in 1927, he was never again an effective run¬ ner. He retired in 1934 and subse¬ quently worked as a sportscaster.
Granger, Clive W.J. (b. Sept. 4,
1934, Swansea, Wales) Welsh econo¬ mist. Granger attended the Univer¬ sity of Nottingham (B.A., 1955;
Ph.D., 1959), where he later taught.
He also wrote numerous books, cov¬ ering such subjects as time series analysis and forecasting, statistical theory, and applied statistics. In the 1970s and ’80s he developed techniques for analyzing time series data with common trends. In particular, he created concepts and analytic meth¬ ods to establish meaningful relationships between nonstationary variables, such as exchange rates and inflation rates. He shared the 2003 Nobel Prize for Economics with Robert F. Engle.
Granger movement Vgran-jorX Coalition of U.S. farmers, mainly in the Midwest, that fought monopolistic grain-transport practices in the
1870s. Oliver H. Kelley (1826-1913), a U.S. Department of Agriculture employee, organized the Patrons of Husbandry in 1867 to bring farmers together to learn new farming methods. By the mid-1870s almost every state had at least one branch, or Grange, and national membership passed 800,000. The Grangers influenced some states to pass regulatory legisla¬ tion to counter the price-fixing by railroads and grain-storage facilities. Outgrowths of the Granger movement included the Greenback and Popu¬ list movements. The Grangers dropped to about 100,000 members by 1880; they rebounded in the early 20th century, but declined again sub¬ sequently.
Granicus \gr3-'nl-k9s\, Battle of the (334 bc) First victory won by Alexander the Great in his invasion of the Persian empire. Against heavy odds at the Granicus River, Alexander’s army defeated the Persians under Darius III, who fled. Alexander himself charged the Persian generals, kill¬ ing two of Darius’ relatives and almost losing his own life. The Mace¬ donians reportedly lost only 115 men. The victory gave western Asia Minor to Alexander, and most cities hastened to open their gates.
Granit \gra-'net\, Ragnar Arthur (b. Oct. 30, 1900, Helsinki, Fin.—d. March 12, 1991, Stockholm, Swed.) Finnish-born Swedish physiologist. His “dominator-modulator” theory states that in addition to the retina’s three kinds of cone cells, which respond to different colours, certain optic-nerve fibres (dominators) respond either to the whole spec¬ trum or to specific colours (modulators). He also proved that light inhib¬ its as well as stimulates optic-nerve impulses; other research helped determine the nerve pathways and processes by which receptors in muscles coordinate muscle action. He shared a 1967 Nobel Prize with George Wald and Haldan Keffer Hartline.
granite Coarse- or medium-grained intrusive rock that is rich in quartz and alkali feldspar. One of the most common rocks of the Earth’s crust, it is formed by the cooling of magma. Granite was once used extensively as paving blocks and building stone, but today its principal uses are as road¬ way curbing, veneer for building faces, and tombstones. Granite charac¬ teristically forms irregular masses of extremely variable size, ranging from less than 5 mi (8 km) in maximum dimension to larger masses (batholiths) that are often hundreds of square miles in area.
granodiorite \ l gra-no-'dl-o- l rlt\ Medium- to coarse-grained rock that is one of the most abundant intrusive rocks. It contains quartz and is dis¬ tinguished from granite by having more plagioclase feldspar than ortho- clase feldspar; its other mineral constituents include hornblende, biotite, and augite. Granodiorite is similar to granite in appearance but darker.
Grant, Cary orig. Archibald Alexander Leach (b. Jan. 18, 1904, Bristol, Gloucestershire, Eng.—d.
Nov. 29, 1986, Davenport, Iowa,
U.S.) British-born U.S. film actor.
He performed with an acrobatic comedy troupe in England before he found parts in stage musicals. He made his film debut in This Is the Night (1932) and earned stardom with Mae West in She Done Him Wrong (1933). His debonair charm and good looks, combined with a distinctive voice, made him a long¬ time popular star in sophisticated comedies such as Topper (1937),