Bringing Up Baby (1938), His Girl Friday (1940), and The Philadelphia Story (1941). He also starred in Alfred Hitchcock’s thrillers Suspicion (1941), Notorious (1946), To Catch a Thief ( 1955), and North by North¬ west (1959). He received an honor¬ ary Academy Award in 1970.
Grant, Ulysses S. orig. Hiram Ulysses Grant (b. April 27, 1822, Point Pleasant, Ohio, U.S.—d. July 23,1885, Mount McGregor, N.Y.) U.S. general and 18th president of the U.S. (1869-77). He served in the Mexican War (1846—48) under Zachary Taylor. After two years’ service on the Pacific coast (1852-54), during which he attempted to supplement his army pay with ultimately unsuccessful business ventures, he resigned his com¬ mission. His decision might have been influenced by his fondness for alco¬ hol, which he reportedly drank often during this period. He worked
Cary Grant, 1957
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granulite facies ► graphical user interface I 791
unsuccessfully at farming in Mis¬ souri and at his family’s leather busi¬ ness in Illinois. When the American Civil War began (1861), he was appointed brigadier general; his 1862 attack on Fort Donelson, Tenn., pro¬ duced the first major Union victory.
He drove off a Confederate attack at Shiloh but was criticized for heavy Union losses. He devised the cam¬ paign to take the stronghold of Vicks¬ burg, Miss., in 1863, cutting the Confederacy in half from east to west. Following his victory at the Battle of Chattanooga in 1864, he was appointed commander of the Union army. While Gen. William T.
Sherman made his famous march across Georgia, Grant attacked forces under Gen. Robert E. Lee in Virginia, bringing the war to an end in 1865. Grant’s administrative ability and inno¬ vative strategies were largely responsible for the Union victory. In 1868 his successful Republican presidential campaign made him, at 46, the young¬ est man yet elected president. His two terms were marred by administrative inaction and political scandal involving members of his cabinet, including the Credit Mobilier scandal and the Whiskey Ring conspiracy. He was more successful in foreign affairs, where he was aided by his secretary of state, Hamilton Fish. He supported amnesty for Confederate leaders and protec¬ tion for the civil rights of former slaves. His veto of a bill to increase the amount of legal tender (1874) diminished the currency crisis during the next 25 years. In 1881 he moved to New York City; when a partner defrauded an investment firm co-owned by his son, the family was impov¬ erished. His memoirs were published by his friend Mark Twain.
granulite facies Vgran-yo-.lIt-'fa-shezN One of the major divisions of the mineral facies classification of metamorphic rocks, encompassing rocks that formed under intense temperature-pressure conditions (higher than 950°F, or 500°C). The minerals found in the rocks of granulite facies include hornblende, pyroxene, biotite, garnet, calcium plagioclase, and quartz or olivine. See also amphibolite facies.
Granville-Barker, Harley (b. Nov. 25, 1877, London, Eng.—d. Aug. 31, 1946, Paris, France) British producer, playwright, and critic. An actor from age 15, he directed his own first play, The Marrying of Ann Leete, in 1901. As comanager of the Court Theatre (1904-07) he produced many of George Bernard Shaw’s early plays as well as plays by Henrik Ibsen, Maurice Maeterlinck, and John Galsworthy, and also produced his own The Voysey Inheritance (1905) and Waste (1907). He influenced 20th-century theatre with his naturalistic stagings of Shakespeare’s plays, which emphasized continuous action on an open stage and rapid, lightly stressed speech. He moved to Paris after World War I and there wrote Prefaces to Shakespeare (1927—46), a series of books of criticism.
grape Any of the 60 plant species that make up the genus Vitis (family Vitaceae), native to the northern tem¬ perate zone, including varieties that may be eaten as table fruit, dried to produce raisins, or crushed to make grape juice or wine. V. vinifera is the species most commonly used in wine making. The grape is usually a woody vine, climbing by means of tendrils. In arid regions it may form an almost erect shrub. Botanically, the fruit is a berry. Grapes contain such minerals as calcium and phos¬ phorus and are a source of vitamin A. All grapes contain sugar (glucose and fructose) in varying quantities depending on the variety.
grape hyacinth Any of the approximately 50 species of small bul¬ bous perennial plants that make up the genus Muscari, in the lily family, native to the Mediterranean region. Most species have dense clusters of blue, white, or pink urn-shaped flowers borne at the tip of a leafless flower stalk. Some species have a musky odour. Grape hyacinths often are planted as spring-flowering garden ornamentals.
grape phylloxera V.fi-.lak-'sir-o, fo-Tak-so-roN Small, greenish yellow insect {Phylloxera vitifoliae, order Homoptera) that is highly destructive to grape plants in Europe and the western U.S. It sucks fluid from grape¬ vines, causing galls to form on leaves and nodules on roots; eventually the plants rot. It was introduced into Europe from the eastern U.S. in the mid-19th century and within 25 years had almost destroyed the grape and wine industries in France, Italy, and Germany. Vines were saved by graft¬ ing European plants to rootstocks of resistant vines native to the U.S. Hybrids and fumigants are used to combat the pest.
grape sugar See glucose
grapefruit Tree {Citrus paradisi ) of the rue family and its edible fruit. It originated in the West Indies (probably Jamaica) before being brought to the New World mainland.
The shiny, dark green foliage is very dense. The large white flowers are borne singly or in clusters. Lemon- yellow when ripe, the fruit is 4-6 in.
(100-150 mm) in diameter, about twice as large as a medium-size orange. The mildly acidic pulp— juicy and light yellowish, pink, or red—is an excellent source of vita¬ min C. It is popular as breakfast fruit in various parts of the world.
graph Visual representation of a data set or a mathematical equation, inequality, or function to show rela¬ tionships or tendencies that these for¬ mulas can only suggest symbolically and abstractly. Though histograms and pie charts are also graphs, the term usually applies to point plots on a coordinate system. For example, a graph of the relationship between real numbers and their squares matches each real number on a horizontal axis with its square on a vertical axis. The resulting set of points in this case is a parabola. A graph of an inequality is usually a shaded region on one side of a curve, whose shape depends not only on the equation or inequality but on the coordinate system chosen.
graph theory Mathematical theory of networks. A graph consists of vertices (also called points or nodes) and edges (lines) connecting certain pairs of vertices. An edge that connects a node to itself is called a loop. In 1735 Leonhard Euler published an analysis of an old puzzle concerning the possibility of crossing every one of seven bridges (no bridge twice) that span a forked river flowing past an island. Euler’s proof that no such path exists and his generalization of the problem to all possible networks are now recognized as the origin of both graph theory and topology. Since the mid-20th century, graph theory has become a standard tool for ana¬ lyzing and designing communications networks, power transmission sys¬ tems, transportation networks, and computer architectures.
graphic design The art and profession of selecting and arranging visual elements—such as typography, images, symbols, and colours—to convey a message to an audience. Sometimes graphic design is called “visual communications.” It is a collaborative discipline: writers produce words and photographers and illustrators create images that the designer incorporates into a complete visual message. Although graphic design has been practiced in various forms throughout history, it emerged as a spe¬ cific profession during the job-specialization process that occurred in the late 19th century. Its evolution has been closely bound to developments in image making, typography, and reproduction processes. Prominent graphic designers include Jules Cheret, Piet Zwart, Paul Rand, Alexey Brodovitch, Milton Glaser, and David Carson.