Pluto
Rhea
mother of the gods
Hebe
goddess of youth
Selene
goddess of the moon
Hecate
qoddess of maqic, qhosts,
Uranus
god of the sky
and witchcraft
Zeus
lord of heaven
Greek Revival Architectural style based on 5th-century-BC Greek temples that spread throughout Europe and the U.S. in the early 19th cen¬ tury. The revival was symptomatic of the public’s preoccupation with Greek culture at the time. Architects often tacked majestic facades with Grecian columns onto existing buildings; banks and institutions became imitation Doric temples; and homes in the Greek Revival style often had large PORTicoes made up of heavy pilasters and reinterpreted pediments.
The British Museum (1847), utilizing the Greek Ionic order on a massive scale, is the most powerful English example of the style. In the U.S., where the style was adopted on a large scale, many strange distortions found acceptance. See also Neoclas¬ sical ARCHITECTURE.
Greeley, Horace (b. Feb. 3,
1811, Amherst, N.H., U.S.—d. Nov.
29, 1872, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. newspaper editor and political leader. Greeley was a printer’s apprentice in Vermont before mov¬ ing to New York City, where he edited a literary magazine and week¬ lies for the Whig Party. In 1841 he founded the highly influential New York Tribune , a daily paper dedicated to reforms, economic progress, and Horace Greeley, the elevation of the masses. He ©archivephotos
edited it for the rest of his life, becoming known especially for his articu¬ lation of antislavery sentiments in the 1850s. After the onset of the Ameri¬ can Civil War in 1861, he pursued a politically erratic course. His unrealized lifelong ambitions for public office culminated in 1872 in an unsuccessful run for president on the Liberal Republican Party ticket.
Green, Adolph See Betty Comden
Green, Hetty orig. Henrietta Howland Robinson (b. Nov. 21, 1834, New Bedford, Mass., U.S.—d.
July 3, 1916, New York, N.Y.) U.S. financier, reputedly the wealthiest American woman of her time. In 1865 her father and aunt both died, leaving her an estate valued at $10 million. By shrewd management she increased it to more than $100 mil¬ lion at her death.
Green, Julian (Hartridge) or Julien Green (b. Sept. 6, 1900,
Paris, France—d. Aug. 13, 1998,
Paris) French-born American writer.
Born in France of American parents,
Green lived mostly in France, though he taught for a few years in the U.S.
Green’s novels are written in French and are usually set in French provin¬ cial towns or in the American South.
In the intense, claustrophobic atmo¬ sphere of these novels, neurotic char¬ acters engage in obsessive relationships marked by secrecy, guilt, betrayal, sexual passion, and violence. In 1970 the Academie Fran^aise awarded him its grand prize for literature in appreciation of his masterful French prose style, which is marked by clarity, precision, and simplicity. Green’s works were collected in Complete Works, 10 vol. (1954-65).
Green, William (b. March 3, 1873, Coshocton, Ohio, U.S.—d. Nov. 21, 1952, Coshocton) U.S. labour leader, president of the American Fed¬ eration of Labor (AFL). He was a coal miner from age 16. He worked his way up through the union hierarchy and was elected president of the AFL in 1924, a post he kept until his death. The formation in 1935 of the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO), headed by John L. Lewis, led to bitter public disputes between the two men, ending in the expulsion of the CIO from the AFL in 1936. See also AFL-CIO; labour union.
Green Bank equation See Drake equation
Green Bay City (pop., 2000: 102,313), northeastern Wisconsin, U.S. Located on the Fox River at Green Bay, an inlet of Lake Michigan, it was the site of French trading posts from 1634 until the War of 1812. The U.S. took possession when the army built Fort Howard there in 1816. With the decline of the fur trade and the opening of the Erie Canal, it devel¬ oped as a lumbering and agricultural centre. A Great Lakes port of entry with heavy shipping, it has a large wholesale and distributing business. The city is famous for its professional football team, the Green Bay Pack¬ ers, which it has supported since 1919. It is the site of a University of Wisconsin branch and a technical college.
Green Berets \bo-'raz\ or Special Forces Elite unit of the U.S. Army specializing in counterinsurgency. The Green Berets (whose berets can be colours other than green) came into being in 1952. They were active in the Vietnam War, and they have been sent to U.S.-supported governments around the world to help combat guerrilla insurgencies.
green manure Crop grown and plowed under for its beneficial effects to the soil and subsequent crops, though during its growth it may be grazed. These crops are usually annuals, either grasses or legumes. They add nitrogen to the soil, increase the general fertility level, reduce ero¬ sion, improve the physical condition of the soil, and reduce nutrient loss from leaching. They are usually planted in the fall and turned under in the spring before the summer crop is sown. See also cover crop.
Green Mountains Part of the Appalachian Mountains in the U.S. It extends for 250 mi (402 km) through the centre of Vermont and has a maxi¬ mum width of 30 mi (50 km). Many peaks rise to more than 3,000 ft (900 m); the highest is Mount Mansfield at 4,393 ft (1,339 m). Known for their skiing facilities, the mountains are traversed by the Long Trail (part of the
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
800 i green revolution ► greenhouse
Appalachian National Scenic Trail). Green Mountains National Forest, which covers 214,000 acres (86,600 hectares), was established in 1932.
green revolution Great increase in production of food grains (espe¬ cially wheat and rice) that resulted in large part from the introduction into developing countries of new, high-yielding varieties, beginning in the mid-20th century. Its early dramatic successes were in Mexico and the Indian subcontinent. The new varieties require large amounts of chemi¬ cal fertilizers and pesticides to produce their high yields, raising concerns about cost and potentially harmful environmental effects. Poor farmers, unable to afford the fertilizers and pesticides, have often reaped even lower yields with these grains than with the older strains, which were bet¬ ter adapted to local conditions and had some resistance to pests and dis¬ eases. See also Norman Borlaug.
Green River River, western U.S. It flows from western Wyoming south into Utah, where it turns east to make a loop through the northwestern comer of Colorado. Turning south in Utah, it enters the Colorado River in Canyonlands National Park after a course of 730 mi (1,175 km). Origi¬ nally known as the Spanish River, it was renamed in 1824, probably for its colour, derived in places from green soapstone banks along its course.
Greenaway, Kate orig. Catherine Greenaway (b. March 17, 1846, London, Eng.—d. Nov. 6,
1901, London) British artist and children’s-book illustrator. The daughter of a draftsman and wood engraver, she studied art in London.
In 1868 she began to exhibit draw¬ ings, contribute illustrations to magazines, and design Christmas and Valentine cards. Her first book.
Under the Window (1878), was fol¬ lowed by The Birthday Book (1880),
Mother Goose (1881), and many oth¬ ers that were enormously successful; the beauty of these books created a revolution in book illustration, and her work was praised by leading art critics around the world. Her yearly almanacs (1888-97) also became very popular.
Greenback movement (1868-88) Campaign mainly by U.S. farm¬ ers to maintain or increase the amount of paper money in circulation. To finance the American Civil War the U.S. government issued paper money not backed by gold and printed in green ink, called greenbacks. After the war fiscal conservatives called for an end to greenbacks, but farmers and others who wanted to maintain high prices opposed the move. In 1868 the Democrats endorsed a plan to redeem some war bonds with new green¬ backs. The depression after the panic of 1873 intensified the demand for more greenbacks or unlimited silver coinage. After passage of the Resumption Act (1875), which provided for redemption of greenbacks in gold, the newly formed Greenback-Labor Party sought its repeal. In 1878 it elected 14 members of Congress, but support waned after 1884. See also Free Silver Movement, Popuust movement.