Grijalva \gre-'hal-v3\ River River, southeastern Mexico. Its head- streams rise in the Sierra Madre of Guatemala and the Sierra de Soco-
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806 i Grillparzer ► grizzly bear
nusco of Mexico. It flows northwest through Chiapas state (where it is known locally as the Chiapa River) and then roughly parallels the border of Chiapas and Tabasco states. The river turns northward at Villahermosa and empties into the Bay of Campeche after some 400 mi (640 km). It is navigable by shallow-draft vessels for about 60 mi (95 km) upstream from its mouth and for several stretches along its middle and upper course.
Grillparzer Vgril-.part-sorV Franz (b. Jan. 15, 1791, Vienna—d. Jan. 21, 1872, Vienna) Austrian dramatist. He spent much of his life in gov¬ ernment service. His early tragedies include The Ancestress (1817), Sap¬ pho (1818), and the pessimistic The Golden Fleece (1821). The Waves of Sea and Love (1831) is often considered his greatest tragedy; another masterpiece is A Dream Is Life (1834), an Austrian Faust. Three other tragedies were found among his papers after his death. His works were belatedly recognized to be among the greatest works of the Austrian stage.
Grimke \'grim-ke\, Sarah (Moore); and Grimke, Angelina (Emily) (respectively b. Nov. 26, 1792, Charleston, S.C., U.S.—d. Dec. 23, 1873, Hyde Park, Mass.; b. Feb. 20, 1805, Charleston—d. Oct. 26, 1879, Hyde Park) U.S. antislavery crusaders and women’s rights advo¬ cates. Though bom to a wealthy slaveholding family, the sisters devel¬ oped an early dislike of slavery. In the mid-1820s they became Quakers and moved to the North. From 1835 they wrote letters and pamphlets urg¬ ing Southern women to use moral force against slavery, and they freed the slaves they had persuaded their mother to apportion to them as their inheritance. They lectured on antislavery throughout New England as the first female agents of the American Anti-Slavery Society, enlisting women in the abolitionist cause and becoming pioneers in the women’s rights movement. In 1838 Angelina married Theodore Weld, and the sisters col¬ laborated with him.
Grimm, Jacob (Ludwig Carl) and Wilhelm (Carl) known the Brothers Grimm (respec¬ tively b. Jan. 4, 1785, Hanau, Hesse- Kassel—d. Sept. 20, 1863, Berlin; b.
Feb. 24, 1786, Hanau—d. Dec. 16,
1859, Berlin) German folklorists and philologists. They spent most of their lives in literary research as librarians and professors at the Universities of Gottingen and Berlin. They are most famous for Kinder- und Haus- marchen (1812-15), known in English as Grimm’s Fairy Tales, a collection of 200 tales taken mostly from oral sources, which helped establish the science of folklore.
Together and separately, they also produced many other scholarly stud¬ ies and editions. Wilhelm’s chief solo work was The German Heroic Tale (1829); Jacob’s German Mythology (1835) was a highly influential study of pre-Christian German faith and superstition. Jacob’s extensive Deutsche Grammatik (1819-37), on the grammars of all Germanic languages, elaborates the important linguistic principle now known as Grimm’s law. In the 1840s the brothers began work on the Deutsches Worterbuch, a vast historical dictionary of the German language that required several generations to complete and remains the standard work of its kind.
Jacob (right) and Wilhelm Grimm, oil portrait by Elisabeth Jerichau- Baumann, 1855; in the National- Galerie, Berlin
COURTESY OF THE STAATUCHE MUSEEN ZU BERLIN
grinding machine Machine tool that uses a rotating abrasive grind¬ ing wheel to change the shape or dimensions of a hard, usually metallic, workpiece. Grinding is the most accurate of all the basic machining pro¬ cesses. All grinding machines use a wheel made from one of the manu¬ factured abrasives, silicon carbide or aluminum oxide. To grind a cylindrical form, the workpiece rotates as it is fed against the grinding wheel. To grind an internal surface, a small wheel moves inside the hol¬ low of the workpiece, which is gripped in a rotating chuck. On a surface grinder, the workpiece is held in place on a table that moves under the rotating abrasive wheel.
griot \'gre-,6\ African tribal storyteller. The griot’s role was to preserve the genealogies and oral traditions of the tribe. Griots were usually among the oldest men. In places where written language is the prerogative of the few, the place of the griot as cultural guardian is still maintained. In Sene¬
gal, for example, the griot—without resorting to fantasy—recites poems or tells stories of warriors, drawing on his own sources of inspiration.
grippe See influenza
Griqua People of mixed Khoekhoe and European ancestry who occu¬ pied central South Africa just north of the Orange River in the 19th cen¬ tury. In 1861, having been forced to sell their land rights to Orange Free State, one group of Griqua moved to the southern hills of the Drakens¬ berg. This new home became Griqualand East. Other Griqua living around Kimberley met no serious challenge to their land rights until diamonds were discovered there. With the aid of the British, this group resisted absorption into the Orange Free State. Griqualand West was annexed to the British crown in 1871, and the Griqua were recognized as British sub¬ jects.
Gris \'gres\, Juan orig. Jose Victoriano Gonzalez Perez (b.
March 23, 1887, Madrid, Spain—d. May 11, 1927, Boulogne-sur-Seine, Fr.) Spanish painter active in Paris. He studied engineering at the Madrid School of Arts and Manufactures (1902-04). In 1906 he moved to Paris and began producing drawings in the Art Nouveau style for newspapers. He became involved with the Cubist artists, notably Pablo Picasso, and soon developed his own version of Synthetic Cubism, a style more severe and calculated than that of other Cubists. His works, typically still lifes, are characterized by rigorously geometric compositions. His technique included the use of paper collage. He also produced sculpture, book illus¬ trations, and sets and costumes for Sergey Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes.
grisaille \gre-'zl, gro-'zalX Painting technique by which an image is executed entirely in shades of gray and usually modeled to produce the illusion of sculpture or relief. It was used especially by 15th-century Flemish painters (e.g., Jan van Eyck’s Ghent Altarpiece, 1432) and in the late 18th century to imitate Classical sculpture in wall and ceiling decora¬ tion. It is sometimes used to produce monotone underpainting for translu¬ cent oil colours. In the 16th century grisaille enamels were developed in Limoges, France; the technique achieves a dramatic effect of light and shade and a pronounced sense of three-dimensionality.
Grisi, Carlotta orig. Caronne Adele Josephine Marie Grisi
(b. June 28, 1819, Visinada, Istria,
Austrian Empire—d. May 20, 1899,
Geneva, Switz.) Italian ballerina of the Romantic era. She trained at the ballet school of La Scala in Milan. In 1834 she became the protege of the dancer and ballet master Jules Perrot. She was engaged at the Paris Opera, where her first creation was Giselle (1841). Grisi remained the undisputed principal ballerina of the Opera until 1849 and was praised for her seem¬ ingly spontaneous and effortless style. She retired in 1853.
grizzly bear Large North American brown bear whose forms, includ¬ ing the Alaskan brown bears, are usu¬ ally considered races or subspecies of a single species ( Ursus arctos ).
The more than 80 forms once ranged over open regions of western North America from Mexico to Alaska, but their numbers have dwindled. Griz¬ zlies have humped shoulders, an elevated forehead, and brownish to buff fur. They may grow to about 8 ft (2.5 m) long and weigh 900 lbs (410 kg). One variety, the Kodiak bear, is the largest living land carni¬ vore, reaching lengths of more than 10 ft (3 m) and a weight of 1,700 lbs (750 kg). Grizzlies feed on game, fish, berries, and occasionally grass. They have been known to attack humans and are prized as big game.