Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis).
STEPHEN J. KRASEMANN/PETER ARNOLD, INC.
Grisaille stained glass, detail of the Five Sisters Window, 13th century, Cathedral of St. Peter, York, North Yorkshire, Eng.
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Gromyko ► Grotius I 807
Gromyko Vgro-'me-koV, Andrey (Andreyevich) (b. July 18, 1909, Starye Gromyki, Belorussia, Russian Empire—d. July 2, 1989, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.) Soviet foreign minister (1957—85) and president (1985— 88) of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Though never strongly iden¬ tified with any political faction, he served dependably as a skilled emissary and spokesman. He was ambassador to the U.S. (1943^46), Soviet representative to the UN Security Council (1946-48), and ambas¬ sador to Britain (1952-53). In 1957 he began his long tenure as foreign minister and became renowned for his negotiating skills. In 1985 he was promoted to the presidency, with great prestige but little power, after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power.
Gropius \'gro-pe-3s\, Walter (Adolph) (b. May 18, 1883, Berlin, Ger.—d. July 5, 1969, Boston, Mass., U.S.) German-U.S. architect and educator. The son of an architect, he studied in Munich and Berlin and in 1907 joined the office of Peter Behrens. In 1919 he became director of the Staatliches Bauhaus Weimar. He designed a new school building and housing for the Bauhaus when it moved to Dessau (1925); with its dynamic International Style composition, asymmetrical plan, smooth white walls set with horizontal windows, and flat roof, the building became a monu¬ ment of the Modernist movement. In 1934 Gropius fled Germany for Britain, and in 1937 he arrived in the U.S, taking a position at Harvard University. At the Bauhaus and as chair (1938-52) of Harvard’s archi¬ tecture department, he established a new prototype of design education, which ended the 200-year supremacy of the French Ecole des Beaux-Arts. Among his most important ideas was his belief that all design—whether of a chair, a building, or a city—should be approached in essentially the same way: through a systematic study of the particular needs and prob¬ lems involved, taking into account modem construction materials and techniques without reference to previous forms or styles.
Gros Vgro\, Antoine-Jean (b. March 16, 1771, Paris, Fr.—d. June 26, 1835, Paris) French painter. He was trained by his father, a painter of miniatures, and later byjACQUES- Louis David in Paris. In the 1790s he accompanied Napoleon on his campaigns as his official battle painter. The dramatic power of such paintings as Napoleon Visiting the Pesthouse at Jaffa (1804) influenced Theodore Gericault and Eugene Delacroix. When David went into exile after Napoleon’s defeat, Gros took over his studio and tried to work in the Neoclassical style. His best works after 1815 were portraits. Haunted by a sense of failure, he drowned himself in the Seine. He was a leading figure in the development of Romanticism.
Gros Morne \gr6-'m6rn\ National Park National park, Newfound¬ land, Canada. Covering 458,000 acres (185,500 hectares) and established as a national park in 1973, it includes mountains of the Long Range and takes its name from Gros Mome Peak, which rises to 2,644 ft (806 m). The park also includes beaches, forests, shifting dunes, and a tidal inlet.
Gros Ventres Vgr6-,vant\ French "Big Bellies" North American Indian group living in north-central Montana, U.S. Known to the Black- foot as Atsina, they call themselves Ah-ah-nee-nin, meaning “White Clay People.” The Gros Ventres are an offshoot of the Algonquian-speaking Arapaho tribe, from which they may have separated as early as 1700; they were living in what is now northern Montana and adjacent regions of Canada in late historic times and were culturally similar to other Plains Indians. Together with the Assiniboin, they were settled on Fort Belknap Reservation, Mont. Some 2,900 people claimed sole Gros Ventres descent in the 2000 U.S. census. The name Gros Ventres has also been applied to the Hidatsa.
grosbeak Vgros-,bek\ Any of sev¬ eral songbird species in the family Fringillidae that have an exception¬ ally large, conical bill. Most eat seeds. Species are found in North America (e.g., rose-breasted, black¬ headed, blue, and evening grosbeaks) and northern Eurasia (pine gros¬ beak). See also cardinal.
Gross, Michael (b. June 17,
1964, Frankfurt am Main, W.Ger.)
German swimmer. With a height of 6 ft 7 in. (2 m), Gross acquired the nickname “the Albatross” because of his wide arm span. He won six Olympic medals (two gold and two
silver in 1984, one gold and one bronze in 1988) and set world records in the 200-m freestyle and 100-m butterfly.
Gross, Samuel David (b. July 8, 1805, Easton, Pa., U.S.—d. May 6, 1884, Philadelphia) U.S. surgeon, teacher of medicine, and author. He was apprenticed to a local country doctor before receiving formal medical train¬ ing. His most celebrated work. Elements of Pathological Anatomy (1839), was a pioneering effort that organized knowledge on the subject in English, and his System of Surgery (2 vol., 1859) had a profound effect on surgical thought worldwide. His Manual of Military Surgery (1861) was written at the government’s request. Gross also invented many surgical tools. He was memorably portrayed in Thomas Eakins’s masterpiece, The Gross Clinic.
gross domestic product (GDP) Total market value of the goods and services produced by a nation’s economy during a specific period of time. GDP is customarily reported on an annual basis. It is defined to include all final goods and services—that is, those that are produced by the eco¬ nomic resources located in that nation regardless of their ownership and are not resold in any form. GDP differs from gross national product (GNP), which is defined to include all final goods and services produced by resources owned by that nation’s residents, whether located in the nation or elsewhere.
Grosseteste \'gros-,test\, Robert (b. c. 1175, Suffolk, Eng.—d. Oct. 9, 1253, Buckden, Buckinghamshire) English bishop and scholar. He introduced Latin translations of Greek and Arabic writings in philosophy and science to Europe. After serving as chancellor of the University of Oxford (c. 1215-21), he served as first lecturer in theology to the Fran¬ ciscans, whom he greatly influenced. As bishop of Lincoln from 1235, he promoted a belief in the importance of the cure of souls, a centralized, hierarchical view of the church, and a belief in the superiority of the church over the state.
Grossglockner Vgros-.glok-noiA Highest peak in Austria, in the Hohe Tauern range. It reaches an elevation of 12,457 ft (3,797 m) and was first climbed in 1800. A noted glacier on the mountain is the Pasterze Glacier, 5 mi (8 km) long and 3 mi (5 km) wide. Winter sports, mountain climb¬ ing, and beautiful scenery have made Grossglockner a tourist attraction.
Grosvenor Vgrov-norV Gilbert H(ovey) (b. Oct. 28, 1875, Con¬ stantinople, Ottoman Empire—d. Feb. 4, 1966, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Can.) U.S. geographer, writer, and editor. Grosvenor attended Amherst College and was hired by Alexander Graham Bell, president of the National Geographic Society, as an editorial assistant for its magazine. As editor in chief of National Geographic Magazine (1903-54), he trans¬ formed it from a small scholarly journal into an interesting and superbly illustrated magazine with a large circulation. In 1920 he was elected presi¬ dent of the society. He contributed many articles and photographs to the magazine, wrote a history of the society and other books, and was long a leader in conservation and wildlife protection.
Grosz VgrosV George orig. Georg Grosz (b. July 26, 1893, Ber¬ lin, W.Ger.—d. July 6, 1959, West Berlin) German-born U.S. painter, draftsman, and illustrator. After studying art in Dresden and Berlin, he began selling caricatures to magazines. During World War I he served in the German army; discharged as unfit in 1917, he moved into a garret studio in Berlin, and by the end of the war he had developed a graphic style that combined a highly expressive use of line with ferocious social satire. His depictions of war and depravity provided some of the most vitriolic social criticism of his time. From 1918 to 1920 he was a promi¬ nent member of the Dada group in Berlin. His Face of the Ruling Class (1921) and Ecce Homo (1922), collections of drawings featuring greedy capitalists, war profiteering, and social decadence, earned him an inter¬ national reputation. In 1932 he immigrated to the U.S., where he taught at New York’s Art Students League while continuing to produce maga¬ zine cartoons, nudes, and landscapes.