grouse Any of various game birds in the family Tetraonidae (order Gal- liformes), including the prairie chicken and ptarmigan, or the sandgrouse (order Columbiformes). The best- known Old World species is the black grouse ( Lyrurus tetrix ) of Wales, Scotland, Scandinavia, and northern central Europe. The male, iridescent blue-black with white wing bars, may be 22 in. (55 cm) long and weigh about 4 lbs (almost 2 kg); the smaller female is mottled brown and barred with black. Grouse are noted for the male’s communal courtship dances. The best-known North American species is the ruffed grouse.
Grove, Andrew S. (b. Sept. 2, 1936, Budapest, Hung.) Hungarian- born U.S. businessman. He studied at CCNY before earning his Ph.D. from UC-Berkeley in 1963. After working for Fairchild Semiconductor (1963-67), he helped found Intel Corp. in 1968. At Intel he has served as president (1979-97), CEO (1987-97), and chairman of the board (from 1997) and is widely credited with the company’s enormous success. He has lectured at Stanford University from 1991. He holds several patents
Hugo Grotius, detail of a portrait by Michiel Janszoon van Mierevelt; in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
COURTESY OF THE RUKSMUSEUM, AMSTERDAM
California ground squirrel (Spermophi¬ lus beecheyi) .
KENNETH W. FINK FROM ROOT RESOURCES-EB INC.
Blackcock (Lyrurus tetrix)
INGMAR HOLMASEN
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Grove ► Guadeloupe I 809
on semiconductor devices and technology and is the author of several books. In 1997 he was named Time magazine’s “Man of the Year.”
Grove, Sir George (b. Aug. 13, 1820, London, Eng.—d. May 28, 1900, London) British musicologist. He was trained as a civil engineer, and he erected lighthouses in Jamaica and Bermuda. He became secre¬ tary of the Crystal Palace in 1852, and he would write program notes for its concerts for 40 years. His extensive contributions to William Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible led to his establishing the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1865. He served as editor of Macmillan’s Magazine (1868-83). In 1873 he began work on his four-volume Dictionary of Music and Musicians ; expanded to 20 volumes in subsequent editions, it is today the world’s foremost music encyclopedia. He served as first director of the Royal College of Music (1883—92), an institution he was largely respon¬ sible for placing on a firm professional and physical foundation.
growing season Period of the year, also called frost-free season, dur¬ ing which growing conditions for native vegetation and cultivated crops are the most favourable. It usually becomes shorter as distance from the equator increases. In equatorial and tropical regions the growing season ordinarily lasts all year; at higher latitudes (e.g., the tundra), it may last as little as two months or less. It also varies according to elevation above sea leveclass="underline" higher elevations tend to have shorter growing seasons.
growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin Xso-.ma-to-'tro-ponV Pep¬ tide hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It pro¬ motes growth of bone and other body tissues by stimulating protein synthesis and fat breakdown (for energy). Excessive production causes gigantism, acromegaly, or other malformations; deficient production results in dwarfism, dramatically relieved if GH is given before puberty. Genetic engineering techniques now permit large-scale production of adequate amounts of GH for that purpose.
growth ring In a cross section of the stem of a woody plant, the amount of wood added during a single growth period. In temperate regions this period is usually one year, in which case the growth ring may be called an annual ring. In tropical regions growth rings may not be discernible or are not annual. Even in temperate regions growth rings are occasion¬ ally missing; and sometimes a second, or “false,” ring may be deposited during a single year (e.g., following defoliation by insects). Nevertheless, annual rings have been used in dating ancient wooden structures, espe¬ cially those of American Indians in the dry U.S. Southwest. Changes in ring width are a source of information about ancient climates.
Gruen, David See David Ben-Gurion
Grunewald YgriE-na-.valtA English Vgrti-no-.woldV, Matthias orig. Mathis Gothardt Neithardt or Mathis Gothart Nithart (b. c.
1480, Wurzburg, bishopric of Wurzburg—d. August 1528, Halle, arch¬ bishopric of Magdeburg) German painter. Details of his early life are vague. By c. 1509 he was court painter to the archbishop of Mainz and had established a successful career, concentrating on religious themes. Around 1511 he was commissioned to add two wings to the Assumption of the Virgin altarpiece recently completed by Albrecht Durer. In 1515 he completed his most important commission, the wings of the Isenheim Altarpiece in the Antonite monastery in southern Alsace (now in the museum in Colmar, Fr.). Considered his masterpiece, it features distorted figures, extreme emotional intensity, brooding colour, and draperies that expand and contract in accordion pleats, a hallmark of his style. About 10 paintings and 35 drawings survive. He had no known pupils and, unlike his contemporaries, did not produce woodcuts or engravings, but his painterly achievement remains one of the most striking in the history of northern European art.
grunion Vgron-yonN Edible Pacific fish (Leuresthes tenuis ) found along the western coast of the U.S. In the warm months, it lays its eggs in beach sand during a full or new moon when the tide cycle is at its peak. The young hatch and enter the ocean on the next spring tide, two weeks later. Grunion reach a length of about 8 in. (20 cm).
GTE Corp. formerly (1959-82) General Telephone and Elec¬ tronics Corp. Former U.S. holding company for several U.S. and inter¬ national telephone companies. It specialized in providing telephone service to rural areas. The company, founded in 1926 as Associated Tele¬ phone Utilities to unite various independent phone companies, went bank¬ rupt in the Great Depression and was later reorganized as General Telephone. In the 1950s it became a manufacturer of electronic phone
equipment, merging with Sylvania Electronics in 1958. GTE and Bell Atlantic (one of the “Baby Bells”) merged to become Verizon Commu¬ nications in 2000.
Gtsang dynasty Vtsaq\ (15657-1642) Last secular native ruling house in Tibet. The Gtsang kings allied themselves with the Karma-pa order of Buddhists against the new reformed Dge-lugs-pa order. The Dge-lugs-pa gained the support of the Mongol Altan Khan, and although the Gtsang attacked their headquarters in Lhasa, the dynasty was finally dethroned in 1642, when temporal authority was given to the Mongol-backed Dalai Lama.
Guacanayabo V.gwa-ka-na-'ya-boV Gulf of Inlet of the Caribbean Sea, southeastern Cuba. It stretches in a broad horseshoe from the south¬ ern coast of Camagiiey province about 70 mi (110 km) to the southwest¬ ern shore of Granma province. It is shallow and dotted with coral reefs; its chief port is Manzanillo.
Guadalajara \,gwa-d 3 l-9-'ha-r3\ City (pop., 2000: city, 1,646,183; metro, area, 3,677,531), capital of Jalisco state, west-central Mexico. Mexico’s second largest city, it lies near the Rio Grande de Santiago at an elevation of about 5,100 ft (1,550 m). Founded by the Spanish in 1531, it was relocated several times under pressure from Indians. In 1810 it was occupied briefly by the independence leader Miguel Hidalgo. Since 1940 it has become a major industrial producer while retaining a rich agricul¬ tural trade. The governor’s palace, begun in 1743, is a noted example of Spanish Mexican architecture. Guadalajara is the site of two universities.
Guadalcanal \ l gwa-d s l-k3- , nal\ Island (pop., 1999: 109,382), Solomon Islands, west-central South Pacific Ocean. The largest of the Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal has an area of 2,069 sq mi (5,358 sq km); the national capital, Honiara, lies on the northern coast. The economy is based mainly on fishing and agriculture, with some gold mining. The island was visited by the Spanish in the 16th century and by the British in the late 18th century; it was annexed in 1893 as part of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. During World War II it was the scene of prolonged fighting between U.S. and Japanese forces (1942^-3), which resulted in the Allied capture of a Japanese air base there. Several naval battles were also fought in the region. Ethnic tensions between Guadalcanal islanders and migrants from the nearby island of Malaita worsened after World War II. After the islands achieved independence from Great Britain in 1978, ethnically based disputes simmered on the island, sparking violence and rioting in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.