Che Guevara.
LEE LOCKWOOD/BLACK STAR
as one of the revolution’s most effective voices. He left Cuba in 1965 to organize guerrilla fighters in Congo and later Bolivia. Captured and shot by the Bolivian army, he immediately achieved international fame and the status of a martyred hero among leftists worldwide.
Guggenheim Vgu-gon- ,hlm\, Meyer and Daniel (respectively b. Feb. 1, 1828, Langnau, Switz.—d. March 15, 1905, Palm Beach, Fla., U.S.; b. July 9, 1856, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.—d. Sept. 28, 1930, Port Washington, N.Y.) U.S. industrialists, father and son, who developed worldwide mining interests that yielded a vast fortune. Meyer immigrated to the U.S. in 1847 and built an import firm specializing in Swiss embroi¬ deries. His investments in two Colorado copper mines in the 1880s were the foundation of extensive mining interests. His seven sons, especially Daniel, built a large organization of smelting and refining operations. In 1901 the Guggenheims merged their holdings with the American Smelt¬ ing and Refining Co., a trust composed of the country’s largest metal¬ processing plants. Daniel directed the trust until 1919 and acquired mines throughout the world. Philanthropies include the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1925), which awards fellowships to artists and scholars studying abroad, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation (1937), which oversees New York City’s Guggenheim Museum and the Guggenheim Collection in Venice. See also Solomon Guggenheim.
Guggenheim, Peggy orig. Marguerite Guggenheim (b. Aug. 26, 1898, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. Dec. 23, 1979, near Venice, Italy) Art collector and patron of the New York school of artists. Granddaughter of Meyer and Daniel Guggenheim, she inherited a large fortune in 1921. In 1930 she moved to Paris, where she took up a bohemian life, and in 1932 to London. She returned to New York City in 1941, married artist Max Ernst, and in 1942 opened a gallery where she exhibited many of the radi¬ cal artists she supported, among them Jackson Pollock, Robert Motherwell, Mark Rothko, and Hans Hofmann. After World War II she settled in Ven¬ ice and exhibited her outstanding collection of Cubist, abstract, and Sur¬ realist art; the Peggy Guggenheim Collection is still open to the public.
Guggenheim, Solomon (Robert) (b. Feb. 2, 1861, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.—d. Nov. 3, 1949, New York, N.Y.) Businessman and art col¬ lector. He became a partner in his father’s Swiss embroidery import busi¬ ness. He also worked in the family mining industry and was a director of many family companies. After retiring from business in 1919, he devoted his time to collecting modernist paintings. He established the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation (1937), which provided the funds for the Solomon Guggenheim Museum (1959). See also Meyer and Daniel Guggen¬ heim.
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao \bil-'bau\ Art museum in Bilbao, Spain. It opened in 1997 as a cooperative venture between the Guggen¬ heim Foundation and the Basque regional administration of northwestern Spain. The museum complex, designed by Frank Gehry, consists of inter¬ connected buildings whose extraordinary free-form titanium-sheathed mass suggests a gigantic work of abstract sculpture. The interior space, organized around a large atrium, is mainly devoted to modem and con¬ temporary art.
Guggenheim Ygii-gan-.hlnA Museum, Solomon R. Museum in New York City housing the Solomon R. Guggenheim collection of mod¬ ern art. An example of the “organic architecture” of Frank Lloyd Wright, the building (constructed 1956-59) represents a radical departure from traditional museum design, spiraling upward and outward in a smooth coil of massive, unadorned white concrete. The exhibition space, which has been criticized for upstaging the artwork displayed, consists of a six- story-high spiral ramp encircling an open centre volume lighted by a dome of glass supported by stainless steel. The museum has a comprehensive collection of European painting from throughout the 20th century and of American painting from the second half of the century.
GUI See GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
Guianas \ge-'a-noz, gl-'a-n3z\, the Region, northern South America. The region is bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, on the east and south by Brazil, and on the west by Venezuela, and covers an area of about 181,000 sq mi (468,800 sq km). It consists of Guyana (formerly British Guiana), Suriname (formerly Dutch Guiana), and French Guiana; most of it is covered by dense forests containing valuable timber. Settlements are largely confined to the coast and river valleys. The earliest known inhabitants were the Surinam Indians. Its coast was sighted by Christopher Columbus in 1498, and the area was explored by the Span-
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814 i guide dog ► Guinea
ish in the early 16th century. The Dutch founded settlements c. 1580 and the French and English in the early 17th century.
guide dog or Seeing Eye dog Dog professionally trained to guide and protect its blind master. They have also been used to assist persons with hearing impairments and restricted mobility. Systematic training of guide dogs originated in Germany during World War I to aid blinded vet¬ erans. At the age of approximately one year, the dog is trained for three or four months. Retrievers and German shepherds are the most widely used breeds.
guided missile Projectile provided with means for altering its direc¬ tion after it leaves its launching device. Almost all modem missiles are pro¬ pelled by rocket or jet engines and have guidance mechanisms, usually including sensors, to help the missile find its target. Heat-seeking mis¬ siles, for example, carry infrared sensors that allow them to home in on the exhaust of jet engines.
Guido d'Arezzo Vgwe-do-da-'rat-soX (b. c. 990, Arezzo? —d. 1050, Avellana?) Italian music theorist. A Benedictine monk charged with train¬ ing the choristers in the cathedral of Arezzo, he is credited with two important advances: the invention of the staff for notating exact pitches, and the use of different syllables to sing each pitch, or solmization. In his famous Micrologus (1026—33), he describes the use of at least a two-line staff and the use of syllables as a mnemonic device for singing musical pitches. The famous “Guidonian hand,” an aid to modulation from one hexachord to another by using the joints of the hand to represent different pitches, is not mentioned in his extant writings.
Guienne See Guyenne
guild Association of craftsmen or merchants formed for mutual aid and for the advancement of their professional interests. Guilds flourished in Europe between the 11th and 16th century and were of two types: mer¬ chant guilds, including all the merchants of a particular town or city; and craft guilds, including all the craftsmen in a particular branch of industry (e.g., weavers, painters, goldsmiths). Their functions included establish¬ ing trade monopolies, setting standards for quality of goods, maintaining stable prices, and gaining leverage in local governments in order to fur¬ ther the interests of the guild. Craft guilds also established hierarchies of craftsmen based on level of training (e.g., masters, journeymen, and apprentices).
Guild Socialism Movement that called for workers’ control of indus¬ try through a system of national guilds, organized internally on demo¬ cratic lines, and state ownership of industry. It began in England in 1906 with publication of Arthur J. Penty’s The Restoration of the Gild System and was organized into the National Guilds League in 1915. It reached its apex with the left-wing shop stewards’ movement during World War I and, after the war, with building guilds that built houses for the state. Both movements collapsed after the economic slump of 1921, and the league was dissolved in 1925.