Anne of Austria, detail of a portrait by Peter Paul Rubens; in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
ART MEDIA/HERITAGE-IMAGES
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78 I annulment ► Ansgar
hearts esophagus
clitellum
nephridia
anus
dorsal
blood
intestine
cerebral
ganglion
ventral
pharynx / blood Cr ° P ' mouth ventral vessel gizzard nerve cord
\ circular muscle longitudinal muscle
Body plan of an earthworm. Partitions (septa) divide the body cavity (coelom) into more than 100 segments. The circular and longitudinal muscles work with the setae to move the worm forward. Soil is pulled into the mouth by the sucking action of the pharynx; the crop releases food slowly into the gizzard, where the soil is ground to release and break up any organic matter. The cerebral ganglion, or "brain," con¬ trols all body functions and movement via a ventral nerve cord. Contraction of the hearts (aortic arches) and ventral blood vessel forces blood through the body; blood returns via the dorsal blood vessel. Nitrogenous waste is eliminated through the tubules of the nephridia, while digested soil is pushed through the intestine and out the anus. The clitellum secretes mucus for mating and a cocoon in which eggs are deposited.
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as long as the recipient survives. Contingent annuities such as pension plans or life insurance depend on shared risk. Everyone pays in a fixed amount until the annuity begins; some will not live long enough to receive back all the money they have paid, while others will live long enough to collect more than they have paid.
annulment Legal invalidation of a marriage. It announces the invalid¬ ity of a marriage that was void from its inception. It is to be distinguished from dissolution or divorce. To justify annulment, the marriage contract must have a defect (e.g., incompetence of one party because of age, insan¬ ity, or a preexisting marriage). Continued absence of one party may also justify annulment. Generally, annulment is easier if the marriage is uncon¬ summated. Both secular law and Christian canon law have annulment procedures.
anode Terminal or electrode from which electrons leave a system. In a battery or other source of direct current, the anode is the negative termi¬ nal. In a passive load it is the positive terminal. In an electron tube, elec¬ trons from the cathode travel across the tube toward the anode; in an electroplating cell, negative ions are deposited at the anode.
anodizing Method of coating metal for corrosion resistance, electrical insulation, thermal control, abrasion resistance, sealing, improving paint adhesion, and decorative finishing. Anodizing consists of electrically depositing an oxide film from aqueous solution onto the surface of a metal, often aluminum, which serves as the anode in an electrolytic cell. In the most common type of anodizing, which uses a 15% sulfuric acid bath, dyes can be introduced into the oxidation process to achieve a coloured surface. Aluminum thus anodized and coloured is used widely in giftware, home appliances, and architectural decoration.
anomie Va-no-meX In the social sciences, a condition of social instabil¬ ity or personal unrest resulting from a breakdown of standards and val¬ ues or from a lack of purpose or ideals. The term was introduced in 1897
by Emile Durkheim, who believed that one type of suicide (anomic) resulted from the breakdown of social standards that people need and use to regu¬ late their behavior. Robert K. Merton studied the causes of anomie in the U.S., finding it severest in persons who lack acceptable means of achiev¬ ing their cultural goals. Delinquency, crime, and suicide are often reac¬ tions to anomie. See also alienation.
anorexia nervosa \ l a-n3- , rek-se-o-n3r- , vo-s3\ Eating disorder, mostly in young women, characterized by a failure to maintain body weight at a normal level because of an intense desire to be thin, a fear of gaining weight, or a disturbance in body image. Anorexia nervosa typi¬ cally begins in late adolescence. In women a usual symptom is amenor¬ rhea. A person with anorexia nervosa will often go to great lengths to resist eating in order to lose weight, and medical complications can be life- threatening. Treatment can include psychological and social therapy.
anorthite Feldspar mineral, calcium aluminosilicate (CaAl 2 Si 2 0 8 ), that occurs as white or grayish, brittle, glassy crystals. Primarily a rock¬ forming mineral, it is used in the manufacture of glass and ceramics. Anorthite occurs in basic igneous rocks (see acid and basic rocks).
anorthosite Type of igneous rock composed predominantly of calcium- rich feldspar. It is considerably less abundant than either basalt or granite, but the complexes in which it occurs are often immense. All anorthosites found on the earth consist of coarse crystals, but some from the moon are finely crystalline.
Anouilh \a-'nuy\, Jean (-Marie-Lucien-Pierre) (b. June 23, 1910, Bordeaux, France—d. Oct. 3, 1987, Lausanne, Switz.) French playwright. After studying law, he wrote his first play. The Ermine (1932), followed by the successful Traveler Without Luggage (1937). He is best remembered for Antigone (1944), The Lark{ 1953), and Becket (1959), in which he used techniques such as the play within the play, flashbacks and flash-forwards, and the exchange of roles. A skillful exponent of the well-made play, he rejected naturalism and realism in favour of a return to theatricausm.
Ansar Arabic "Helper" Term originally applied to some of the Com¬ panions of the Prophet. When Muhammad left Mecca for Medina, the Ansar were the Medinese who aided him and who became his devoted follow¬ ers, serving in his army. The term was revived in the 19th century to refer to the followers of the Sudanese al-MAHDi, al-Mahdi’s successor, or his descendants.
Anschluss \'an-,shlus\ (German: “union”) Political union of Austria with Germany, which occurred when Adolf Hitler annexed Austria. In 1938 the Austrian chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg was bullied into can¬ celing a plebiscite on union with Germany, which he expected Austrians to oppose. He resigned his office and ordered the Austrian army not to resist the Germans. The Germans invaded on March 12, and the enthu¬ siasm shown by Austrians persuaded Hitler to annex Austria outright the next day. Though France and Britain protested Hitler’s methods, they and other countries accepted the fait accompli.
Anselm of Canterbury, Saint (b. 1033/34, Aosta, Lombardy—d. April 21, 1109, possibly at Canterbury, Kent, Eng.; feast day April 21) Founder of Scholasticism. Anselm entered the Benedictine monastery at Bee (in Normandy) in 1057 and became abbot in 1078. In 1077 he wrote the Monologium to demonstrate God’s existence and attributes by reason alone. He then wrote Proslogium, which established the ontological argu¬ ment for the existence of God. In 1093, he became archbishop of Canter¬ bury and soon became involved in disputes with William II over the independence of the church and the right to appeal to the pope, arguments that led to Anselm’s exile. Although invited back by Henry I, Anselm again argued with the king over lay investiture (see Investiture Controversy). In 1099 he completed Cur Deus homo? (“Why Did God Become Man?”), which provided a new understanding of Jesus’ redemption of humankind and revealed the increasing focus on the humanity of Jesus. Anselm was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1720.
Ansgar \'ans-,gar. Saint (b. probably 801, near Corbie, Austrasia—d. Feb. 3, 865, Bremen, Saxony; feast day February 3) Missionary, first archbishop of Hamburg, and patron saint of Scandinavia. He was sent by Louis I (the Pious) to help King Harald Christianize Denmark and King Bjorn Christianize Sweden. He initiated a mission to all Scandinavians and Slavs and was appointed archbishop of Hamburg (832). But Sweden and Denmark returned to paganism by 845, and Ansgar had to repeat all his work. He thwarted another pagan rebellion and was recognized as a saint soon after his death.