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Habsburg ► Hadrian's Wall I 823
Habsburg Vhaps-.borgX dynasty or Hapsburg dynasty Royal German family, one of the chief dynasties of Europe from the 15th to the 20th century. As dukes, archdukes, and emperors, the Habsburgs ruled Austria from 1282 until 1918. They also controlled Hungary and Bohe¬ mia (1526-1918) and ruled Spain and the Spanish empire for almost two centuries (1504-06, 1516-1700). One of the earliest Habsburgs to rise to great power was Rudolf I, who became German king in 1273. Frederick IV, the Habsburg king of Germany, was crowned Holy Roman emperor as Frederick III in 1452, and Habsburgs continued to hold that title until 1806. Frederick’s son Maximilian I acquired the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Burgundy through marriage. The zenith of Habsburg power came in the 16th century under the emperor Charles V. See also Holy Roman Empire.
Ha bur River See KhabGr River
Hachiman \'ha-che-,man\ One of the most popular of Japan’s Shinto deities. Referred to as the god of war, he is believed to be the deification of Ojin, the 15th emperor. He is the patron of the Minamoto clan and of warriors in general. His first shrine was built in 725, and today half the Shinto shrines are dedicated to him. In the 8th century Hachiman was accepted as a Buddhist divinity; he is the guardian deity of the great Bud¬ dhist temple at Todai.
hacienda \,(h)a-se-'en-d3\ also called estancia (Argentina and Uruguay) or fazenda (Brazil) In Latin America, a large landed estate. The hacienda originated in the colonial period and survived into the 20th century. Labourers, ordinarily Indians, were theoretically free wage earners on haciendas, but in practice their employers, who controlled the local governments, were able to bind them to the land, primarily by keeping them in a state of perpetual indebtedness. By the 19th century, as much as half of Mexico’s rural population was entangled in the peonage system. Many haciendas were broken up by the Mexican Revolution.
Hackman, Gene in full Eugene Alden Hackman (b. Jan. 30, 1930, San Bernardino, Calif., U.S.) U.S. film actor. He won a leading role on Broadway in Any Wednesday (1964), which led to his film debut in Lilith (1964). He was praised for his performances in Bonnie and Clyde (1967) and I Never Sang for My Father (1970), and he attained star sta¬ tus in The French Connection (1971, Academy Award). Hackman was noted for his emotionally honest and natural portrayals of ordinary men. He won further acclaim for The Conversation (1974), Mississippi Burn¬ ing (1988), and Unforgiven (1992, Academy Award). Among his other films are Superman (1978) and its sequels (1980, 1987).
Hadar \'ha-dar\ remains Hominin fossils found since 1973 near the Awash River, about 185 mi (300 km) from Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. The remains—representing at least 30 hominin individuals, including “Lucy” and the “First Family” of 13 Australopithecus afarensis individuals who probably perished together—date from 3.4 to 2.9 million years ago. In the Middle Awash region just to the south, researchers have found some of the oldest known (c. 4 million years old) hominin fossils, and in the adjacent Gona area some of the oldest known (c. 2.3 million years old) stone tools have been identified. The lower valley of the Awash is a World Heritage site.
haddock Valuable North American food fish ( Melanogrammus aeglefi- nus, family Gadidae). A bottom-dweller that feeds on invertebrates and fishes, it resembles the cod, with its chin barbel (fleshy feeler) and two anal and three dorsal fins, but is distinguished by a dark (rather than light) lateral line and a distinctive dark spot on each shoulder. It is gray or brownish above, paler below. It grows to about 3 ft (90 cm) long and 25 lbs (11 kg).
Haddock [Melanogrammus aeglefinus)
PAINTING BY JEAN HELMER
Hades Vha-,dez\ Greek god of the underworld. He was also known as Pluto; his Roman equivalent was Dis. Hades was the son of the Titans Rhea and Cronus and the brother of Zeus and Poseidon. His queen was Persephone, the daughter of Demeter, whom he kidnapped from earth and carried off to the underworld. Stern and pitiless, unmoved by prayer or sacrifice, he presided over the trial and punishment of the wicked after death. His name was also sometimes used to designate the dwelling place of the dead, and it later became a synonym for Hell.
Hadid, Zaha (b. Oct. 31, 1950, Baghdad, Iraq) Iraqi-born British archi¬ tect. Hadid took a degree in mathematics at the American University of Beirut (1972) and trained at London’s Architectural Association. There she met the Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas, with whom she worked until she established her own firm in 1979. Her building designs—inspired by modernist movements including Cubism, Futurism, Suprematism, and Constructivism—were characterized by a sense of fragmentation, insta¬ bility, and movement. Best known of her built works are the Vitra Fire Station (1989-93) in Weil am Rhein, Ger., and the Lois & Richard Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art (1997-2003) in Cincinnati, Ohio. The latter was the first American museum designed by a woman. In 2004 Hadid became the first woman to be awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize.
Hadlth \ha-'deth\ In Islam, the tradition or collection of traditions attrib¬ uted to the Prophet Muhammad that include his sayings, acts, and approval or disapproval of things. Hadlth is revered by Muslims as a major source of religious law and moral guidance. It consists of two parts: the oral law itself and the isnad, or chain of authorities who passed it down to poster¬ ity. The various collections of Hadlth provide the major source for study¬ ing the development of Islam in its first few centuries.
Hadrian Vha-dre-on\ Latin Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus orig. Publius Aelius Hadrianus (b. Jan. 24, ad 76, Ital- ica, Baetica?—d. July 10, 138,
Baiae, near Naples) Roman emperor (117-38), Trajan’s nephew and suc¬ cessor. After years of intrigue, he was adopted and named successor just before Trajan’s death. He executed his senatorial opponents, abandoned Trajan’s conquests in Armenia and Mesopotamia, and coped with unrest in Mauretania and Parthia. He traveled widely, and many of his accomplishments were related to his visits abroad. He began construction of Hadrian's Wall, and he visited and disciplined troops in Algeria and elsewhere. An admirer of Greek civilization, he completed the temple of Zeus in Athens and cre¬ ated a federation of Greek cities. He launched a building program at Del¬ phi and was initiated into the Eleusin- lAN mysteries. After his young companion Antinoiis drowned in the Nile (130), he grieved openly; he erected statues of the boy throughout the realm, and cults sprang up widely. He named Antoninus Pius his succes¬ sor, to be followed by Marcus Aurelius.
Hadrianopolis, Battle of See Battle of Adrianople
Hadrian's Villa Hadrian’s country residence, built (c. ad 125-34) at Tivoli near Rome. A sumptuous imperial complex with parks and gardens on a grand scale, it included baths, libraries, sculpture gardens, theaters, alfresco dining areas, pavilions, and private suites. The buildings, which covered about 7 sq mi (18 sq km), were reproductions of celebrated struc¬ tures the emperor had seen in his travels. The uneven terrain made nec¬ essary large flights of steps and terraces. Significant portions have survived to modem times.
Hadrian's Wall Continuous Roman defensive barrier. Begun by Hadrian in ad 122, the wall guarded the northwestern frontier of the prov¬ ince of Britain from barbarian (particularly Celtic) invaders. It extended 73 mi (118 km) from coast to coast, from Wallsend (Segedunum) to Bow- ness. It had towers, gates, and forts at regular intervals; a ditch fronted it
Hadrian, bust in the National Archaeo¬ logical Museum, Naples.
ANDERSON—AUNARI/ART RESOURCE, NEW YORK
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824 I hadron ► Haggard
and an earthwork (the vallum ) ran behind it. It was briefly abandoned in favour of the Antonine Wall, but it returned to use until c. 410. Portions remain visible today.