hadron \'ha-,dran\ Any of the subatomic particles that are built from quarks and thus interact via the strong force. The hadrons fall into two groups: mesons and baryons. Except for protons and neutrons, which are bound in nuclei, all hadrons have short lives and are produced in high- energy collision of subatomic particles. All hadrons are subject to gravi¬ tation; charged hadrons are subject to electromagnetic forces. Some hadrons break up by way of the weak force (as in radioactive decay); oth¬ ers decay via the strong and electromagnetic forces.
openly with British forces and with the forces of the Palestinian Arabs and their allies. When Israel became a state in 1948, Haganah became the core of its national army. See also Irgun Zvai Leumi.
Hagatna or Agana \a-'gan-ya\ Town (pop., 2000: 1,122), capital of Guam. It lies on Guam’s western coast on Hagatna Bay. It had a popu¬ lation of 10,000 in 1940, when it was completely destroyed in World War II, and it has come back slowly. Nearby Latte Stone Park features pillars (latte stones) that supported houses of the prehistoric Latte culture.
Haeckel Vhe-kolX, Ernst (Heinrich Philipp August) (b. Feb. 16, 1834, Potsdam, Prussia—d. Aug. 9,
1919, Jena, Ger.) German zoologist and evolutionist. After receiving a degree in medicine in 1857, he obtained a doctorate in zoology from the University of Jena, and from 1862 to 1909 he taught zoology at Jena.
His work concentrated on diverse marine invertebrates. Influenced by Charles Darwin, Haeckel saw evolu¬ tion as the basis for an explanation of all nature and the rationale of a philo¬ sophical approach. He attempted to create the first genealogical tree of the entire animal kingdom. He pro¬ posed that each species illustrates its evolutionary history in its embryo- logical development (“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”). Through his theories of the evolution of humans, he brought attention to important biological questions.
Through his numerous books, he was Ernst Haeckel, c. 1870.
an influential popularizer of evolu- the bettmann archive _
tionary theory.
Haemophilus Uie-'ma-fo-losX Genus of tiny rod-shaped bacteria. All are strict parasites occurring in the respiratory tracts of warm-blooded animals, including humans, and in certain cold-blooded animals. Some require oxygen, others do not. H. influenzae causes severe bacterial dis¬ eases in young children, including meningitis, otitis, and pneumonia. Another species of Haemophilus causes a sexually transmitted disease in humans known as chancroid, or soft chancre. Yet another causes second¬ ary infection in persons with influenza.
Hafez Vh6-fez\ or Hafiz \'ho-fiz\ orig. Muhammad Shams
al-DIn Hafiz (b. 132*5/26, Shiraz, Iran—d. 1389/90, Shiraz) Persian poet. The recipient of a traditional religious education ( hafiz. designates someone who has learned the Qur’an by heart), he served as court poet to several rulers of Shiraz. He perfected the ghazel as a verse form of 6-15 couplets linked by unity of subject and symbolism rather than by a logical sequence of ideas. His poems are notable for their simple, often colloquial, musical language and his unaffected use of homely images and proverbial expressions. His most famous work is his Divan. He is regarded as one of the greatest Persian lyric poets.
Hafsid Vhaf-sodV dynasty (c. 13th-16th century) Berber dynasty. It was founded by a governor of the Almohad dynasty, Abu Zakariyya’ Yahya, in north-central Africa c. 1229. His son Mustansir (r. 1249-77) enlarged the empire to its peak of power and prestige. It had trade relations with Italian, Spanish, and Provencal communities despite the fact that it also ran pirate operations in the Mediterranean Sea. It resisted periodic inva¬ sions by the Marinid dynasty. Dynastic struggles after 1452 weakened the Hafsids. Spanish and Turkish forces later competed for the Hafsid terri¬ tory, and the Ottoman Empire incorporated its land into a province in 1574.
Haganah \ha-ga-'na\ (1920^-8) Zionist military organization. It was organized to combat the attacks of Palestinian Arabs on Jewish settle¬ ments, and it effectively defended them despite being outlawed by the British authorities and being poorly armed. Through World War II (1939— 45) its activities were moderate by contrast with more extreme Zionist militias, but it turned to terrorism after the war when the British refused to permit unlimited Jewish immigration to Palestine. In 1947 it clashed
Haggadah or Haggada \,ha-ga-'da, ho-'ga-doV In Judaism, the text that guides the performance of ritual acts and prayers at the Seder dinner celebrating Passover. The Haggadah retells the story of Exodus, offering commentaries that provide a religious philosophy of Jewish history and supplying answers to the traditional questions asked by children at the beginning of the Seder. More broadly, the term Haggadah can refer to the part of rabbinical literature not concerned with the law (e.g., stories, parables, legends, history, and astronomy).
Haggai Vhag-e-,1, 'hag-,I\ (fl. 6th century bc) One of the 12 Minor Proph¬ ets of the Hebrew scriptures, traditional author of the book of Haggai. (His prophecy is part of a larger book, The Twelve, in the Jewish canon.) Born during the Babylonian Exile, he returned to Israel when it ended and helped mobilize the Jewish community to rebuild the Temple of Jerusa¬ lem. His book consists of four prophecies delivered in 521 bc. He attributes the economic distress of the returned exiles to their delay in reconstruct¬ ing the Temple and promises that the new house of God will be greater than the first.
Haggard, Sir H(enry) Rider (b. June 22, 1856, Bradenham, Nor¬ folk, Eng.—d. May 14, 1925, London) British novelist. After holding a series of official posts in South Africa (1875-81), he began writing sto¬ ries set in Africa. Of his 34 colourful adventure novels, the best-known is King Solomon’s Mines (1885); others include She (1887), Allan Qua- termain (1887), Cleopatra (1889), and Ayesha (1905). Also a farmer, he wrote A Farmer’s Year (1899) and Rural England (2 vol., 1902), and he was knighted in 1912 for his work on agricultural commissions.
Haggard, Merle (Ronald) (b. April 6, 1937, Bakersfield, Calif., U.S.) U.S. country-music singer and songwriter. Poverty marked Hag¬ gard’s childhood, and in his teens he began a career of theft and burglary. After his release from San Quentin prison in 1960, he returned to Bakers¬ field and became a professional musician. He was soon producing hit recordings regularly, including “Mama Tried,” “The Bottle Let Me Down,” “The Fightin’ Side of Me,” “Okie from Muskogee” (controver¬ sial for its apparent attack on hippies), and later hit duets with George Jones and Willie Nelson.
Walter Hagen, 1936
hagfish Any of about 30 species of primitive jawless fishes in two fami¬ lies of the class Agnatha. The Myx- inidae are found in every ocean; the Eptatretidae are found everywhere but the North Atlantic. Hagfishes are eel-like, scaleless, and soft-skinned and have paired thick barbels on the end of the snout. Species grow to 16-32 in. (40-80 cm) long. They have a cartilaginous skeleton. The mouth is a slitlike, sucking opening with homy teeth. Found in cold seawater, to depths of over 4,000 ft (1,200 m), they habitually lie buried in burrows on soft bottoms. See also lamprey.
Hagen, Walter (Charles) (b.
U.S.—d. Oct. 5, 1969, Traverse City, Mich.) U.S. golfer. A caddie from the age of 9, Hagen was 21 when he won his first major tournament. He won numerous important championships from the mid 1910s to the late 1920s and captained the U.S. Ryder Cup team for 1927-37. A colourful, self- confident man, he insisted that pro¬ fessional golfers be treated as gentlemen (not always previously the case). Among his well-known remarks is the observation that, in life, one should take the time to “stop and smell the roses.”
Dec. 21, 1892, Rochester, N.Y.,