Eng.) British physiologist and phi¬ losopher. He developed procedures for studying the physiology of breathing and of the blood and devices for measuring hemoglobin and for analyzing blood gas and mixtures of gases. He discovered that breathing is regulated in large part by the effect of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood on the brain’s respiratory centre. He studied the effects of low air pressure, investigated the action of gases in mine suffocations and explosions (an important contribution to mine safety), and developed a staged decompression method for ascent from deep-sea dives. He also tried to clarify the philosophical basis of biology. He was the brother of Richard Burdon Haldane and the father of J.B.S. Haldane.
Haldane (of Cloane), Richard Burdon, 1st Viscount (b. July 30, 1856, Edinburgh, Scot.—d. Aug. 19, 1928, Cloan, Perthshire) Scot¬ tish lawyer and statesman. As British secretary of state for war (1905- 12), he instituted important military reforms; the speedy mobilization of
J.B.S. Haldane
BASSANO AND VANDYK STUDIOS
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
828 I Haldeman ► Haliburton
British forces in 1914 was largely due to his planning. He was lord chan¬ cellor (1912-15)inH.H. Asquith’s government and again (1924) in James Ramsay MacDonald’s Labour Party government.
Haldeman Vhol-do-monX, H(arry) R(obbins) (b. Oct. 27, 1926, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.—d. Nov. 12, 1993, Santa Barbara, Calif.) U.S. White House aide. An advertising executive in Los Angeles (1949-68), he man¬ aged several of the campaigns of Richard Nixon, including Nixon’s 1968 presidential campaign. Named White House chief of staff, he became known as the “Iron Chancellor” for his efficient management of the White House and his close control of access to the president. Along with John D. Ehrlichman, he was one of Nixon’s closest advisers. He participated in the cover-up of involvement by White House officials in the Watergate break-in (see Watergate scandal) and helped carry out other “dirty tricks” during the 1972 campaign. Forced to resign in 1973, he was tried and convicted in 1975 for conspiracy, perjury, and obstruction of justice; he served 18 months in prison.
Hale, George E(llery) (b. June 29, 1868, Chicago, Ill.—d. Feb. 21, 1938, Pasadena, Calif., U.S.) U.S. astronomer. He studied at Harvard and in Berlin. In 1888 he organized the Kenwood Observatory in Chicago. In 1892 he joined the faculty of the University of Chicago and began orga¬ nizing the Yerkes Observatory, of which he was director until 1904; there he built the 40-in. (1-m) refracting telescope that remains the largest of its type in the world. He established the Astrophysical Journal in 1895. In 1904 he organized the Mount Wilson Observatory and was its director until 1923. There he built solar apparatus of great power as well as the huge 60-in. (1.5-m) and 100-in. (2.5-m) reflecting telescopes. In 1928 he began work on a 200-in. (5-m) reflecting telescope at Caltech’s Palomar Obser¬ vatory; completed in 1948, it was named in his honour. As a researcher, he is known particularly for his discovery of magnetic fields in sunspots.
Hale, John Parker (b. March 31, 1806, Rochester, N.H., U.S.—d. Nov. 19, 1873, Dover, N.H.) U.S. politician and reformer. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1843—45), where he achieved promi¬ nence as an opponent of slavery. In the U.S. Senate (1847-53, 1855-65), he sponsored a bill abolishing flogging in the navy. In 1852 he was the unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Free Soil Party. He returned to the Senate as a Republican and became a leader of that party. He later served as U.S. minister to Spain (1865-69).
Hale, Sir Matthew (b. Nov. 1, 1609, Alderley, Gloucestershire, Eng.—d. Dec. 25, 1676, Alderley) British legal scholar. Orphaned at age 5, he planned to become a minister but ultimately chose the study of law. He defended Archbishop William Laud and other Royalists during the English Civil Wars (1642-51). As a justice of the Court of Common Pleas (1654-58) and a member of Parliament (1654-60), he played a major role in reforming the legal system and promoting the restoration of Charles II. He later became chief baron of the Exchequer (1660) and chief justice of the King’s Bench (1671-76). One of the greatest scholars of the history of English common law, he is best known for his History of the Pleas of the Crown (published 1736).
Hale, Nathan (b. June 6, 1755, Coventry, Conn.—d. Sept. 22, 1776, Manhattan Island, N.Y., U.S.) American Revolutionary officer. After graduating from Yale University (1773), he became a schoolteacher. In 1775 he joined a Connecticut regiment and took part in the siege of Bos¬ ton. Made a captain in 1776, he helped capture a British provision sloop on Long Island. Volunteering for spy duty, he penetrated British lines but was captured while returning and hanged without trial the next day at the age of 21. His last words reportedly were, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country,” a remark similar to one made in Joseph Addison’s play Cato.
Hale, Sarah Josepha orig. Sarah Josepha Buell (b. Oct. 24, 1788, Newport, N.H., U.S.—d. April 30, 1879, Philadelphia, Pa.) U.S. writer and editor. Hale turned to writing in 1822 as a widow trying to support her family. She edited the Ladies’ Magazine (1828-37) and then Godey's Lady's Book (1837-77); as the first female magazine editor, she shaped many of the attitudes and ideas of women of the period. Her books include The Ladies’ Wreath (1837), a collection of poetry by women that sold widely; and Woman ’s Record (1853). She is also remembered for her verse “Mary Had a Little Lamb” (1830).
Hale-Bopp, Comet Comet discovered in 1994 by the amateur astrono¬ mers Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp at a distance from the Sun of about seven astronomical units, beyond Jupiter’s orbit and farther than any comet
detected before by amateurs. Astronomers estimated its nucleus to be about 25 mi (40 km) in diameter, larger than most comets. At its closest approach to the Sun in April 1997, it was one of the intrinsically bright¬ est comets in several centuries, though not the brightest as seen from Earth. The comet triggered the mass suicide near San Diego, Calif., U.S., in 1997 of 39 members of a religious cult known as Heaven's Gate, whose leader maintained that they would be reincarnated in a spacecraft follow¬ ing in the comet’s wake.
Haleakala National Park \,ha-la-a-ka-'la\ National park, eastern Maui, Hawaii, U.S. Established in 1960, it occupies an area of 28,655 acres (11,597 hectares). Its central feature is Haleakala Crater, the world’s largest dormant volcanic crater, more than 2,500 ft (762 m) deep and about 20 mi (32 km) in circumference. The crater floor, covering more than 19 sq mi (49 sq km), has areas of forest, desert, and meadow. It is the site of Science City, a research-observatory complex operated by the U.S. Department of Defense and the Universities of Hawaii and Michigan.
Haley, Alexander Palmer) (b. Aug. 11, 1921, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.—d. Feb. 10, 1992, Seattle, Wash.) U.S. writer. He was raised in North Carolina, served in the Coast Guard (1939-59), and later became a journalist. An interview with Malcolm X led to the best-selling Autobi¬ ography of Malcolm X (1965; film, 1992). His greatest success, however, was Roots (1976, special Pulitzer Prize), a history of seven generations of his ancestors beginning with their enslavement. Adapted for television, it became one of the most popular American television shows ever and spurred great interest in genealogy, though Haley later admitted that the saga was partly fictional.
Haley, Bill orig. William John Clifton (b. July 6, 1925, Highland Park, Mich., U.S.—d. Feb. 9, 1981, Harlingen, Texas) U.S. singer and guitarist, one of the pioneers of rock and roll (see rock music). Haley worked as a disc jockey and sang and played guitar for several country music bands in the late 1940s, later forming his own band, the Saddlemen. Marrying elements of country to rhythm and blues, he renamed his band Bill Haley and His Comets and recorded some of rock’s earliest hits, including “Shake Rattle and Roll” (1954) and “Rock Around the Clock” (1955). He continued to tour as a nostalgia act into the 1970s.