Antelami X.an-te-'la-meX, Benedetto (b. c. 1150, probably Lombardy—d. c. 1230, Parma) Italian sculptor and architect. He prob¬ ably belonged to the Magistri Antelami, a civic builders’ guild in the Lake Como region. An early signed marble relief by him, The Descent from the Cross (1178), is in Parma Cathedral; his extensive cycle of sculpture on the baptistery at Parma was begun in 1196. He is credited with the sculp¬ tural decorations of Fidenza Cathedral and Ferrara Cathedral. His last work is believed to have been the decoration and (at least in part) the construction of the church of Sant’Andrea at Vercelli, the architecture of which successfully combined Tuscan Romesque with Gothic characteris¬ tics (such as flying buttresses, rose windows, and ribbed vaulting) and won him lasting renown.
antelope Any of numerous species of Old World grazing or browsing bovids that typically are swift, slender, and graceful plains dwellers. The North American pronghorn is also sometimes referred to as an antelope. Most antelope are African; the others, except for the pronghorn, are Eur¬ asian. They range in shoulder height from 10 to 70 in. (25-175 cm). The male, and sometimes the female, bears distinctive, backwardly curved horns. See also bongo, dik-dik, duiker, eland, gazelle, gnu, hartebeest, impala,
KUDU, NYALA, ORYX, SPRINGBOK, WATERBUCK.
antenna or aerial Component of radio, television, and radar systems that directs incoming and outgoing radio waves. Usually of metal, anten¬ nas range in shape and size from the mastlike devices used for radio and television broadcasting to the large parabolic reflectors used to focus sat¬ ellite signals and the radio waves generated by distant astronomical objects and reflect them toward the centrally located receiver. Antennas were invented in the 1880s by Heinrich Hertz; Guglielmo Marconi made many improvements.
antenna In zoology, one of a pair of slender, segmented sensory organs on the head of insects, myriapods (e.g, centipedes, millipedes), and crusta¬ ceans. Antennae of insects, which are movable, are believed to serve as both tactual and smell receptors; in some species, the development of elaborate antennal plumes and brushlike terminations has led to the sug¬ gestion that they also serve for hearing. Evidence supports this idea only for the mosquito, whose antennae are attached to specialized structures stimulated by vibrations of the antennal shaft. In social insects (e.g., ants), antennae movements may serve as communication.
Antenor \an-'te-nor\ (fl. c. 530-510 bc) Greek sculptor active in Athens. In antiquity he was famous for his bronze group of the Tyrannicides (c. 510 bc) made for the Athenian agora; the statues no longer exist. There were elements of motion and accurate anatomical detail in the work that mark the transition between the Archaic and Classical eras. A large marble kore (c. 520 bc) from the Acropolis, found in 1886, is also attributed to him and is considered one of the finest examples of late Archaic sculpture.
anthem Choral composition with English words used in church ser¬ vices. It developed in the mid-16th century as the Anglican version of the Catholic Latin motet. The full anthem is for unaccompanied chorus throughout; the verse anthem employs one or more soloists and, gener¬ ally, instrumental accompaniment. Both types often employ antiphonal singing, the alternation of two half-choirs (anthem derives from antiphon). William Byrd, Thomas Talus, Henry Purcell, and George Frideric Handel wrote well-known anthems.
Anthesteria V.an-tho-'stir-e-oV Athenian festival in honor of Dionysus, held during the month of Anthesterion (Feb.-Mar.) to celebrate the begin¬ ning of spring and the maturing of the wine stored at the previous vin¬ tage. It lasted three days and included libations to the god from newly opened casks, popular merrymaking, a secret ceremony of marriage between Dionysus and the wife of the king, and underworld rites.
Anthony, Susan B(rownell) (b. Feb. 15, 1820, Adams, Mass., U.S.—d. March 13, 1906, Rochester, N.Y.) U.S. pioneer in the women's suffrage movement. A precocious child, she learned to read and write at the
age of three. After attending a board¬ ing school in Philadelphia, she took a teaching position in a Quaker semi¬ nary in upstate New York. She taught at a female academy (1846-49) and then settled in her family home near Rochester, N.Y. There she met many leading abolitionists, including Fred¬ erick Douglass and William Lloyd Gar¬ rison. The rebuff of her attempt to speak at a temperance meeting in Albany in 1852 prompted her to join Elizabeth Cady Stanton in organizing the Woman’s State Temperance Society of New York. From this time she was a tireless campaigner for abolition and women’s rights. Dur¬ ing the early phase of the Civil War she helped organize the Women’s National Loyal League, which urged the case for emancipation. After the war, she campaigned unsuccessfully to have the language of the Four¬ teenth Amendment altered to allow for woman as well as “Negro” suf¬ frage. In 1868 she represented the Working Women’s Association of New York, which she had recently organized, at the National Labor Union convention. In January 1869 she organized a woman suffrage convention in Washington, D.C., and in May she and Stanton formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). As a test of the legality of the suf¬ frage provision of the Fourteenth Amendment, she cast a vote in the 1872 presidential election in Rochester. She was arrested, convicted (the judge’s directed verdict of guilty had been written before the trial began), and fined; though she refused to pay the fine, the case was carried no further. She served as president of the National American Woman Suf¬ frage Association (1892-1900) and lectured throughout the country for a federal women’s-suffrage amendment.
Anthony of Egypt, Saint (b. 251, Koma, near al-Minya, Heptano- mis, Egypt—d. Jan. 17?, 356, Dayr Mari Antonios hermitage, near the Red Sea; feast day January 17) Egyptian hermit considered the founder of organized Christian monasticism. He began his practice of asceticism at age 20 and lived in solitude on Mount Pispir from 286 to 305. He emerged from his retreat to organize the monastic life of the hermits who had settled nearby. When the Edict of Milan (313) ended the persecution of Christians, Anthony moved to the desert between the Nile and the Red Sea. His monastic rule was compiled from writings and discourses attrib¬ uted to him in Athanasius’s Life of St. Anthony and the Apophthegmata patrum and was still observed in the 20th century by Coptic and Arme¬ nian monks. The hellish temptations he endured as a hermit became a popular subject for artists.
Anthony of Padua, Saint (b. 1195, Lisbon, Port.—d. June 13, 1231, Arcella, Verona; canonized 1232; feast day June 13) Franciscan friar, Doctor of the Church, and patron saint of Portugal. He joined the Augus- tinian order in 1210 and was probably ordained a priest. He joined the Franciscans in 1220 with the goal of seeking martyrdom among the Mus¬ lims but instead became a teacher of theology in Bologna, Italy, and in southern France. The most beloved of the followers of St. Francis, he was known as a great preacher and miracle worker. He was buried in Padua, Italy, and he is the patron of that city. He is also invoked for the return of lost property.
anthophyllite ^an-ths-'fi-llri Amphibole mineral, a magnesium and iron silicate that occurs in altered rocks, such as the crystalline schists of Kongsberg, Norway; southern Greenland; and Pennsylvania. Anthophyl¬ lite is commonly produced by regional metamorphism of ultrabasic rocks (see ACID AND BASIC ROCKS).
anthracite or hard coal Coal containing more fixed carbon than any other form of coal and the lowest amount of volatile (quickly evaporat¬ ing) material, giving it the greatest heat value. The most valuable of the coals, it is also the least plentiful, making up less than 2% of all coal reserves in the U.S., with most of the known deposits occurring in the East. Anthracites are black and have a brilliant, almost metallic lustre. Hard and brittle, they can be polished and used for decorative purposes. They are difficult to ignite but burn with a pale-blue flame and require little attention to sustain combustion. In the past they were used for