haniwa \'ha-ne-,wa\ Terra-cotta cylinders and sculptures arranged on and around Japanese tombs during the Tumulus period (c. ad 250-552). The earliest haniwa were barrel-shaped hollow cylinders used to mark the borders of a burial ground. By the 4th century the cylinders were topped with sculptures of warriors, attendants, dancers, animals, boats, birds, and military equipment. After the introduction of Buddhism and the practice of cremation, the making of haniwa declined.
Hanks, Tom orig. Thomas J. Hanks (b. July 9, 1956, Concord, Calif., U.S.) U.S. film actor. He displayed a flair for light comedy in the television series Bosom Buddies (1980-82) then became a film star in the comedies Splash (1984) and Big (1988). After winning praise for A League of Their Own (1992) and the romantic hit Sleepless in Seattle (1993), he proved himself an accomplished dramatic actor in Philadel¬ phia (1993, Academy Award), Forrest Gump (1994, Academy Award), Apollo 13 (1995), Saving Private Ryan (1998), and Cast Away (2000). He made his debut as director and screenwriter with That Thing You Do
(1996).
Hanlin Academy Vhan-.linN Elite scholarly institution founded in the 8th century in China to perform secretarial, archival, and literary tasks for the court and establish the official interpretations of the Confucian Clas¬ sics (see Five Classics). By the time of the Ming dynasty, admittance was granted only to those who did exceptionally well in the Chinese examina¬ tion system. Hanlin scholars functioned as the emperor’s close advisers and confidential secretaries. The academy was closed when the Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911.
Hanna, Mark orig. Marcus Alonzo Hanna (b. Sept. 24, 1837, New Lisbon, Ohio, U.S.—d. Feb. 15, 1904, Washington, D.C.) U.S. indus¬ trialist and political kingmaker. He became a businessman in Cleveland, Ohio, with interests in banking, coal and iron, transportation, and pub¬ lishing. Convinced that the interests of big business would best be served by the Republican Party, he began in 1880 to gather support among indus¬ trialists for its candidates. In 1892 he helped William McKinley secure the Ohio governorship. For McKinley’s 1896 presidential campaign Hanna helped the Republicans raise an unprecedented $3.5 million, enough to overwhelm the grassroots campaign of William Jennings Bryan. He served in the U.S. Senate (1897-1904).
Hanna, William (Denby); and Barbera, Joseph (Roland)
(respectively b. July 14, 1910, Melrose, N.M., U.S.—d. March 22, 2001, Hollywood, Calif.; b. March 24, 1911, New York, N.Y.) U.S. animators. Both Hanna and Barbera joined MGM in 1937 and there collaborated to create the cartoon characters Tom and Jerry. From 1940 to 1957 they pro¬ duced over 200 Tom and Jerry cartoons, 7 of which won Academy Awards. They founded Hanna-Barbera Productions in 1957 and collabo¬ rated on such popular television cartoon series as The Flintstones , Yogi Bear, and Huckleberry Hound.
Hannibal (b. 247 bc. North Africa—d. c. 183-181 bc, Libyssa, Bithynia) Carthaginian general, one of the great military leaders of antiquity. Taken to Spain by his father, the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca (d. 229/ 228 bc), he was sworn to eternal enmity with Rome. After the death of his father and brother-in-law, he took charge of Carthage’s army in Spain (221). He secured Spain, then crossed the Ebro River into Roman terri¬ tory and entered Gaul. He marched over the Alps into Italy; encumbered by elephants and horses, he was beset by Gallic tribes, harsh winter weather, and defection of his Spanish troops. He defeated Gaius Flaminius
but was severely harassed by Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator. In 216 he won the Battle of Cannae. In 203 he left for northern Africa to help Carthage fend off Scipio Africanus the Elder’s forces. He lost decisively to Scipio’s ally, Masinissa, at the Battle of Zama but escaped. He headed the Carthaginian government (c. 202-195); forced to flee, he sought refuge with Antiochus III, whose fleet he commanded against Rome, with disas¬ trous results. After the Battle of Magnesia (190) the Romans demanded he be handed over; he eluded them until, seeing no escape, he took poi¬ son.
Hannover Mia-'no-forN English Hanover Vha-.no-vorX City (pop., 2002 est.: city, 516,415; metro, area, 996,586), capital of Lower Saxony state, northwestern Germany. Located on the Leine River, it is first men¬ tioned in documents in ad 1100. It joined the Hanseatic League in 1386. From 1495 it belonged to the Welf dynasty (later the house of Hanover). It was the capital of the kingdom of Hanover (1815-66) and then was annexed by Prussia. Hannover became the capital of Lower Saxony in 1946. It suffered destruction in World War II but was rebuilt, and it is now an educational, financial, and commercial centre with highly diversified industries.
Hanoi \ha-'noi\ City (pop., 2004 est: 1,420,400), capital of Vietnam. Located in northern Vietnam on the western bank of the Red River, it became the capital of Vietnam’s Ly dynasty in 1010. It was the main capital of Vietnam until 1802, when the Nguyen dynasty transferred the capital south to Hue. Under French rule Hanoi again became an impor¬ tant administrative centre, and in 1902 it was made the capital of French Indochina. It became the capital of North Vietnam after the French defeat in 1954. During the Vietnam War many of its monuments and palaces were destroyed by U.S. bombing. As the capital of a united Vietnam since 1976, it has steadily been rebuilt and its industrial base has grown.
Hanotaux \a-n6-'t6\, (Albert-Auguste-) Gabriel (b. Nov. 19, 1853, Beaurevoir, France—d. April 11, 1944, Paris) French politician and historian. An archivist in the foreign ministry from 1880, he advanced rapidly and was appointed foreign minister in 1894. He oversaw French colonial expansion in French West Africa, Madagascar, and Tunisia. In 1898 he advocated a strong stand at Fashoda (see Fashoda Incident). He also championed a Franco-Russian alliance. His large body of historical writings centred on early modem institutional history and contemporary diplomatic affairs.
Hanover, house of British royal house of German origin. It was descended from George Louis, elector of Hanover, who succeeded to the British crown as George I in 1714. The dynasty also provided the mon- archs George II, George III, George IV, William IV, and Victoria. By the Act of Settlement (1701) the crown was to go to Anne (of the house of Stuart) and then, if she lacked issue, to Sophia (1665-1714), electress of Hanover (granddaughter of James I) and her descendants. The house of Hanover was succeeded in 1901 by the house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, renamed in 1917 the house of Windsor.
Hansberry, Lorraine (b. May 19, 1930, Chicago, Ill., U.S.—d. Jan. 12, 1965, New York, N.Y.) U.S. playwright. Her first play was A Raisin in the Sun (1959), a penetrating psychological study of a working-class African American family in Chicago. The first drama by a black woman to be produced on Broadway, it won high critical praise and was filmed in 1961. Her next play, The Sign in Sidney Brustein’s Window (1964), a drama of political questioning and affirmation, had a modest Broadway run. Her promising career was cut short by her early death from cancer.
Hanseatic League \,han-se-'a-tik\ or Hansa (from German Hanse, “association”) Organization founded in the late medieval period by north¬ ern German towns and merchant communities to protect their trading interests. The league dominated commercial activity in northern Europe from the 13th to the 15th century. It protected transport of goods by quell¬ ing pirates and brigands and fostered safe navigation by building light¬ houses. Most important, it sought to organize and control trade by winning commercial privileges and monopolies and by establishing trading bases overseas. In extreme cases its members resorted to warfare, as when they raised an armed force that defeated the Danes in 1368 and confirmed the league’s supremacy in the Baltic Sea. Over 150 towns were at some point associated with the league, including Bremen, Hamburg, and Liibeck.