Hardy-Weinberg law Equation that describes genetic balance within a population. It may be stated as follows: In a large, random-mating population, the proportion of dominant and recessive genes (see domi¬ nance and recessiveness) tends to remain constant from generation to gen¬ eration unless outside forces act to change it. Forces that can disturb this natural balance are selection, mutation, gene flow, and natural selection. Certain gene-controlled traits are selected for or against by the partners involved. The law is used to determine whether the number of harmful mutations in a population is increasing.
hare Bounding mammal (in the family Leporidae) whose young, unlike those of rabbits, are born fully haired, with open eyes, and sufficiently advanced to hop about a few minutes after birth. The common hare ( Lepus europaeus ) is native to central and southern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa; introduced into Australia, it has become a pest there. In North America the jackrabbit and snowshoe hare are widespread. Many other species occur naturally on all principal landmasses except Australia. Hares have well-developed hind legs, and the ears are usually longer than the head. Species vary in length from 16 to 28 in. (40-70 cm), without the
(b. Nov. 2, 1865, Caledonia, Ohio,
Warren G. Harding.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D.C.
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Hare Krishna ► Harlem Renaissance I 839
short tail. Hares in northern latitudes are white in winter and grayish brown in summer; elsewhere, they are usually grayish brown year- round. Hares are primarily herbivo¬ rous.
Hare Krishna movement
Vhar-e-'krish-noX officially Inter¬ national Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)
20th-century Hindu religious move¬ ment. It was founded in the U.S. by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (1896—
1977) in 1965. The organization claims a lineage of spiritual masters dating back to Caitanya (1485- 1534?), whom it regards as an incar¬ nation of Krishna. Hare Krishna became popular in the U.S. and Europe among young people of the 1960s and ’70s counterculture, who often appeared in public places dressed in saffron robes, chanting, dancing, and asking for contribu¬ tions. Members of the group are vegetarians. They renounce alcohol and drugs and chant several hours every day. Peace and joy are to be gained by surrendering to Krishna. Since the founder’s death in 1977, the com¬ munes in which many members live have been governed by an interna¬ tional commission. The movement has endured several schisms since its founding and was among the first groups to be attacked by anticult orga¬ nizations.
harebell Widespread, slender-stemmed perennial plant (Campanula rotundifolia), also called Scottish bluebell, of the bellflower family, native to woods, meadows, and cliffsides of northern Eurasia and North America and of mountains farther south. It bears nodding, blue, bell-like flowers. There are more than 30 named wild varieties. Each of its delicate stems, growing in clumps, bears one to several drooping blue-violet bells.
harem Arabic harim In Muslim society, that part of a house set apart for the women of the family or the part from which males not of the fam¬ ily are excluded. Through extension it has come to refer generally to the mandatory seclusion of women from the outside world. Institutions simi¬ lar to the harem existed in the pre-Islamic civilizations of the Middle East; in the courts of pre-Islamic Assyria, Persia, and Egypt, they were often the loci of political intrigues involving rival court factions. Large harems for wives (and often for concubines) were common in wealthy Middle Eastern households until the 20th century. From the 15th to the 20th cen¬ tury, the great harem, termed the seraglio, of the sultans of the Ottoman Empire housed several hundred women. In Iran—and in parts of Central and South Asia influenced by Persian culture—the institution of seclusion has traditionally been known as purdah. In the present-day Islamic world, seclusion of women is practiced only within conservative communities; concubinage has been generally outlawed. Similar systems have existed in other parts of Asia.
Hargobind X.hor-'go-bin-do, .hor-'go-bindX (b. 1595, Wadali, India—d. 1644, Kiratpur, near the Himalayas) Sixth Sikh Guru (1606^14). He became Guru after the execution of his father. Guru Arjan, by the Mughal rulers of India. Until his time, Sikhism had been a passive and peace-loving religion, but Hargobind gave it a strong military character in response to the enmity of the Mughals. He created an army, fortified cities, and built a defensive encampment near the holy city of Amritsar. For this he was jailed for 12 years by the emperor. After his release he defeated the armies of Shah Jahan, ending the notion of Mughal invincibility. He was suc¬ ceeded by his grandson, Hari Rai.
Hargreaves, James (baptized Jan. 8, 1720, Stanhill, Lancashire, Eng.—d. April 22, 1778, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire) British inventor of the spinning jenny. A poor, uneducated spinner and weaver, he is said to have conceived the idea for the machine when he observed a spinning wheel accidentally overturned; as the spindle continued to revolve while upright, he reasoned that many spindles could be so turned, and went on to construct the first machine (patented 1770) with which one person could spin several threads at once.
Hari Rai \'h9-re-'ra-e\ (b. 1630, Punjab, India—d. 1661, Punjab) Sev¬ enth Sikh Guru (1644-61). He was nominated as Guru by his grandfa¬ ther, Guru Hargobind, and his leadership marked a decline in the fortunes of his followers. Contemplative by temperament, he shunned military obligations and weakened the Sikhs in their struggle against India’s Mughal emperors. He made a political blunder by helping the brother of the emperor Aurangzeb foment a rebellion. His_son, Ram Rai, won him a pardon, but he did it by altering a line of the Adi Granth; Hari Rai pun¬ ished him for this blasphemy by passing him over in selecting the next Guru.
Haring, Keith (b. May 4, 1958, Reading, Pa., U.S.—d. Feb. 16, 1990, New York, N.Y.) U.S. painter and draftsman. He studied at New York City’s School of Visual Arts and developed a unique style inspired by graffiti, cartoons, and comic strips, which he displayed in works drawn clandestinely at night on subway station walls around the city. He also created paintings, drawings, and prints in a graffiti style, filling the works from edge to edge using signs, abstract symbols, and human and animal figures writhing in a spaceless, airless design. In the 1980s he executed murals in New York and exhibited internationally, achieving great com¬ mercial success.
Haringvliet \'har-iq-,vlet\ Freshwater channel, southwestern Nether¬ lands. A distributary of the Hollandsch Canal, the Haring flows about 20 mi (32 km) to discharge into the North Sea. Its low shores were devas¬ tated by tidal surge floods in 1953. As part of a plan for land reclamation and flood protection, a dam was completed at its mouth in 1971; it incor¬ porates a lock that allows the channel to remain open to shipping.