The long face is accentuated, in both sexes, by ringed, lyre-shaped horns united at the base. The red hartebeest is pale reddish brown with a lighter rump. Two subspecies (Swayne’s hartebeest and the tora) are listed as endangered.
Hartford City (pop., 2000:
121,578), capital of Connecticut,
U.S. Lying on the Connecticut River, it was settled by Dutch traders in the 1630s. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, which later served as a model for the U.S. Constitution, were adopted (1639) in Hartford. The city’s insurance industry, its major business, dates from 1794, when the first Hartford fire insurance policy was issued. The statehouse (1796) was designed by Charles Bulfinch. Institutions of higher learning include Trin¬ ity College. The birthplace of J.P. Morgan, Hartford was also the home of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Mark Twain, whose houses are preserved.
Hartford Convention (Dec. 5, 1814-Jan. 5, 1815) Secret meeting of Federalist Party delegates from New England states who opposed the War of 1812. It adopted a strong states 7 -rights position in opposition to the mercantile policies of Pres. James Madison and the Embargo Act of 1807 and other measures that prohibited trade with Britain and France. News of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814, which ended the war, discredited the nascent separatist movement at the convention and weakened Federalist influence.
Hartley, Marsden (b. Jan. 4, 1877, Lewiston, Maine, U.S.—d. Sept. 2, 1943, Ellsworth, Maine) U.S. painter. After attending the Cleveland School of Alt, he settled in New York City but also lived sporadically in France and Germany. From 1900 he spent most summers in his native Maine, painting landscapes. He first exhibited them at Alfred Stiegutz’s “291” gallery in 1909. In 1913 he exhibited with Der Blaue Reiter in Ber¬ lin and at the Armory Show. His early style of abstract painting with strongly outlined forms and brilliant colours evolved into a personal inter¬ pretation of Expressionism, most evident in his bold and brooding Maine landscapes. He produced a dramatic series of pastels and oil paintings of New Mexico (1918-20) and in 1932 a notable series of the volcano Popocatepetl in Mexico.
Hartline, Haldan Keffer (b. Dec. 22, 1903, Bloomsburg, Pa., U.S.—d. March 17, 1983, Fallston, Md.) U.S. physiologist. He received his M.D. from Johns Hopkins University. Experimenting on horseshoe crabs, he was the first to record the electrical impulses sent by a single optic-nerve fibre. He found that when one of the eye’s receptor cells is stimulated, others nearby are depressed, enhancing contrast and sharpen-
William S. Hart in The Gun Fighter,
1916-17.
MUSEUM OF MODERN ART/FILM STILLS ARCHIVE
Harte.
Coke's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii).
LEONARD LEE RUE III
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
844 I Hartmann von Aue ► Hasanlu
ing perception of shapes. He showed how simple retinal mechanisms constitute vital steps in the integration of visual information. In 1967 he shared a Nobel Prize with George Wald and Ragnar Arthur Granit.
Hartmann von Aue Vhart-msn-fon-'au-oV (fl. 1190-1210) Middle High German poet. Apparently a member of the Swabian court, he took part in the crusade of 1197. He is noted for his courtly epics, the Arthu¬ rian romances Erec (c. 1180-85) and Iwein (c. 1200), both based on works by Chretien de Troyes. Through Erec, Arthurian legend first entered Ger¬ man literature. Der arme Heinrich (“Poor Heinrich”), his finest poem, is a didactic religious epic. He also wrote lyrics and allegorical love poems.
Hartree, Douglas R(ayner) (b. March 27, 1897, Cambridge, Cam¬ bridgeshire, Eng.—d. Feb. 12, 1958, Cambridge) English physicist, math¬ ematician, and computer pioneer. At Manchester University in the mid 1930s he built a mechanical computer for solving differential equations, based on the differential analyzer of Vannevar Bush. During World War II he was involved with the ENIAC project in the U.S. At the University of Cambridge he introduced the self-consistent field approximation scheme that is the basis for most atomic calculations and for the prevailing physi¬ cal understanding of the wave mechanics of atoms. The Hartree method— sometimes called the Hartree-Fock method to acknowledge Vladimir Fock (1898-1974), who generalized Hartree’s scheme—is widely used to describe electrons in atoms, molecules, and solids.
Hartwell, Leland H. (b. Oct. 30,1939, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.) U.S. scientist. He received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Tech¬ nology. He began teaching at the University of Washington in 1968 and in 1996 joined the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, becoming president and director in 1997. Using baker’s yeast, he studied how cells control their growth and division and was able to identify more than 100 genes involved in cell-cycle control, including the gene that regulates the first step of each cell cycle. Such work aided in the understanding of can¬ cer cell development. Hartwell shared a Nobel Prize with R. Timothy Hunt and Sir Paul M. Nurse in 2001.
HarQn a I-Rashid \ha-'run-al-ra-'shed\ (b. March 763 or February 766, Rayy, Iran—d. March 24, 809, Tus, Iran) Fifth caliph of the ‘Abbasid dynasty. Neither a great ruler nor a prepossessing character, Harun ruled (786-809) at a time when Islamic society reached its zenith in terms of wealth, learning, and power. He is best remembered, however, as a cen¬ tral character in The Thousand and One Nights, where he is portrayed as the epitome of the learned and just ruler. In his early years he was strongly influenced by his mother and by his tutor Yahya of the Barmakid line of viziers. He succeeded his brother after the latter’s untimely death and ruled over a realm that was torn increasingly by strife, as regional lead¬ ers sought autonomy. On his death, his sons al-Ma’mun and al-Amln fell into open civil war.
Harvard University Oldest institution of higher learning in the U.S. and widely considered one of the most prestigious. Founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Mass., it was named Harvard College for a Puritan minister, John Harvard (1607-38), who bequeathed to the school his books and half of his estate. It became a university with the establishment of the medical school in 1782. Schools of divinity and law were established in the early 19th century. Charles Eliot, during his long tenure as president (1869-1909), made Harvard an institution with national influence. Har¬ vard has educated seven U.S. presidents, many Supreme Court justices, cabinet officers, and congressional leaders, dozens of major literary and intellectual figures, and numerous Nobel laureates. Its undergraduate school. Harvard College, contains about one-third of the total student body. Radcliffe College (1879) was a coordinate undergraduate women’s college. From 1960 women graduated from both Harvard and Radcliffe, and in 1999 Radcliffe was absorbed by Harvard, the name surviving in the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Harvard University also has graduate or professional schools of business, education, government, den¬ tistry, architecture and landscape design, and public health. Among its affiliated research institutes are the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, and the Fogg Art Museum. Its Widener Library is one of the largest and most important libraries in the world.
harvestman See daddy longlegs
Harvey, Paul (b. Sept. 4, 1918, Tulsa, Okla., U.S.) U.S. radio com¬ mentator and news columnist. He worked as an announcer and radio sta¬ tion director in the Midwest in the 1940s. He became a news commentator
and analyst for ABC in 1944 and a syndicated columnist in 1954. Noted for his firm, staccato delivery and his conservative but individualistic opinions on current events, he enjoyed an almost unparalleled longevity as a national broadcaster.