Harvey, William (b. April 1, 1578, Folkestone, Kent, Eng.—d. June 3, 1657, London) English physician. He studied at Cambridge University and later at the University of Padua, then considered the best medical school in Europe. After receiving a medical diploma, he was appointed to St. Bartholemew’s Hospital (1609). He became one of James I’s phy¬ sicians c. 1618 and continued as a king’s physician for Charles I, whose personal friend he became. Harvey’s elucidation of blood circulation over¬ turned the work of Galen and advanced that of Andreas Vesalius and Hiero¬ nymus Fabricius. To reach his conclusions, Harvey depended on his own observations and reasoning, numerous animal dissections, autopsies, and clinical observations. His Anatomical Exercise Concerning the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628) recorded his findings. It clarified the function of heart valves, proved that blood did not pass through the septum in the heart, explained the purpose of valves in the veins and of the pulmonary circulation, showed that blood is pumped from the atria into the ventricles and then into the rest of the circulatory system, and proved that the pulse reflected heart contractions.
Haryana \,har-e-'a-n9\ State (pop., 2001 prelim.: 21,082,989), northern India. Bordered by the states of Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttaranchal, and Uttar Pradesh and the Delhi national capital territory, it occupies an area of 17,070 sq mi (44,212 sq km). The city of Chandigarh is the joint admin¬ istrative capital of Haryana and Punjab. The region is the legendary birth¬ place of Hinduism, and its festivals attract many pilgrims. Most of Haryana lies on the flat Gangetic Plain, an area that has seen waves of migration from the time of Alexander the Great. It came under the control of the British East India Company in 1803, became a part of Punjab in 1858, and became a separate state in 1966. Its economy is mainly agricultural.
Harz \'harts \ Mountains Mountain range, central Germany. Lying between the Weser and Elbe rivers, it is 60 mi (100 km) long and about 20 mi (32 km) wide. The northwestern and highest portion is known as the Oberharz, and the more extensive southeastern part is the Unterharz; the Brocken group, dividing the two, is considered part of the Oberharz. The highest peak is Mount Brocken. The Harz owes its early settlement and intensive development from the 10th to the 16th century to mining and metallurgy (silver, lead, iron, copper, and zinc). Its most important industry is tourism.
Hasan Vha-san\ in full Hasan ibn ‘All ibn Abl Talib (b. 624, Arabia—d. 680, Medina) Grandson of Muhammad, the elder son of Muhammad’s daughter Fajimah. He is one of the five most revered per¬ sons in the ShTite branch of Islam. After the murder of his father, ‘Au, in 661, he was seen by many as the Prophet’s rightful heir. When Mu'awiyah I opposed Hasan’s succession and began to prepare for war, Hasan raised an army to meet him. Plagued by defections, however, he opened peace negotiations within the year and abandoned the caliphate to his opponent. For the rest of his life he lived quietly in Medina.
Hasan al-Basrl Vha-san-al-bas-'re\, al- in full Abu SaTd ibn Abl al-Hasan Yasar al-Basrl (b. 642, Medina, Arabia—d. 728, Basra, Iraq) Muslim ascetic and major figure in early Islam. He took part in the conquest of eastern Iran as a young soldier. He then settled at Basra, and from 684 he was a popular preacher. He emphasized the practice of reli¬ gious self-examination and asserted that true Muslims must live in a state of anxiety about their destiny after death. Rejecting determinism, he held that people are entirely respon¬ sible for their actions. Political oppo¬ sition forced him into hiding (705- 714), but he afterward lived openly in Basra. He is considered a founder of the two major schools of early Sunnite Islam, the Mu'tazilah and the Ash'ariyyah.
Hasanlu Vha-son-.liiX Archaelogi- cal site, northwestern Iran. Excava¬ tions have revealed the area’s prehistory, especially the late 2nd and early 1st millennia bc. It was inhab¬ ited from c. 2100 to c. 825 bc, but the
Unglazed pot from Hasanlu, 9th cen¬ tury bc; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
COURTESY OF THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, NEW 'fORKClTY, PURCHASE, 1960, ROGERS FUND
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Hasdeu ► Hastings I 845
richest period, often called Mannaean, dates to the 10th-9th centuries bc. It was crowned by a high citadel surrounded by a fortification wall. The outer town, which was unfortified, consisted primarily of ordinary dwellings and a cemetery. Many metal artifacts have been found, including a solid gold bowl and two bronze vessels in the shape of horse heads.
Hasdeu \hash-'dyti\, Bogdan Petriceicu (b. Feb. 16, 1836, Cris- tine§ti, Bessarabia, Russian Empire—d. Aug. 25, 1907, Campina, Rom.) Romanian linguist. He collected and published ancient Slavic and Roma¬ nian documents in The Historical Archive of Romania (1865-67) and in his subsequent writings initiated the critical investigation of Romanian history. He became director of the state archives in 1876 and was appointed professor of philology at the University of Bucharest in 1878. His Words of the Ancestors (1878-81) was the first history of apocryphal literature in Romania.
Hasek Vha-shek\, Jaroslav (b. April 30, 1883, Prague, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary—d. Jan. 3, 1923, Lipnice nad Sazavou, Czech.) Czech writer. He published 16 volumes of short stories before World War I, when he became a prisoner of war. After his release he devoted himself to writ¬ ing a six-volume war novel, The Good Soldier Schweik, but died after completing only four volumes (published 1921-23). Even in its incom¬ plete state, it is considered one of the world’s masterpieces of satire.
hashish \ha-'shesh\ Hallucinogenic drug preparation derived from resin from the flowers of hemp plants. Marijuana, a product of the same plant, is far less potent. Hashish is smoked or eaten. The active ingredient, tet¬ rahydrocannabinol (THC), makes up 10-15% of hashish.
Hasidism Vha-sa-.di-zonA Pietistic and mystical movement in Judaism that originated in 18th-century Poland. It was a reaction against rigid legalism and Talmudic learning in favour of a joyful form of worship that served as a spiritual outlet for the common people. Hasidism began with the preaching of the man later known as the Ba'al Shem Tov. Teaching that God was immanent in all things and that piety was more important than scholarship, he won followers known as Hasidim (“loyalists”). Dov Baer founded the first Hasidic community c. 1710, and countless small com¬ munities soon sprang up in Poland, Russia, Lithuania, and Palestine, each led by a zaddik. Communal services were marked by dancing, shouting, and singing, through which participants reached a state of spiritual ecstasy. Though excommunicated from Orthodox Judaism in 1772, the Hasidim continued to flourish. By the 19th century Hasidism had become an ultra¬ conservative movement that was accepted by the Orthodox as legitimate. Huge numbers of Hasidim fell victim to the Holocaust, but their survi¬ vors established vital movements in Israel and the U.S. The Lubavitcher sect, based in Brooklyn, N.Y., numbers about 200,000.
Haskala or Haskalah \,has-ka-'la\ Intellectual movement in Euro¬ pean Judaism in the 18th—19th century, which sought to supplement tradi¬ tional Talmudic studies with education in secular subjects, European languages, and Hebrew. Partly inspired by the Enlightenment, the Haskala was sometimes called the Jewish Enlightenment. It originated with pros¬ perous and socially mobile Jews, who hoped to use reforms to enable the Jews to escape ghetto life and enter the mainstream of European society and culture. This meant adding secular subjects to the school curriculum, adopting the language of the larger society in place of Yiddish, abandoning traditional garb, and reforming synagogue services. One of its leaders was Moses Mendelssohn, who began a revival of Hebrew writing. Haskala’s emphasis on the study of Jewish history and ancient Hebrew as a means of reviving Jewish national consciousness influenced Zionism, and its call to modernize religious practices led to the emergence of Reform Judaism.