Hasmonean V.haz-mo-'ne-onV dynasty Dynasty of ancient Judaea, descendants of the Maccabee family. The name derives from their ances¬ tor Hasmoneus, but the first of the ruling dynasty was Simon Maccabeus, who became leader of the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid king c. 143 bc and, in victory, was made high priest, ruler, and ethnarch of Judaea. The last Hasmonean was deposed and executed in 37 bc by the Romans under Mark Antony.
Hassam \'has-3m\, (Frederick) Childe (b. Oct. 17, 1859, Boston, Mass., U.S.—d. Aug. 27, 1935, East Hampton, N.Y.) U.S. painter and printmaker. He studied in Boston and Paris before settling in New York City. From 1898 to 1918 he exhibited together with a group of New York and Boston painters known as The Ten, who became the foremost pro¬ ponents of U.S. Impressionism. Urban life was his favourite subject, but his landscapes of New England and rural New York also became popular.
Paintings such as Washington Arch, Spring (1890) are characterized by clear, luminous atmosphere and brilliant colour. He also produced some 400 etchings and lithographs.
Hassan \'ha-san,\ English \ha-'san\ II orig. Mawlay Hasan Muhammad ibn Yusuf (b. July 9, 1929, Rabat, Mor.—d. July 23, 1999, Rabat) King of Morocco (1961-99). On his succession to the throne, he introduced a new constitution providing for a popularly elected legislature but exercised authoritarian rule from 1965 to 1970, instituting a new constitution in 1970. He claimed Western Sahara for Morocco; this led to ongoing hostilities with the Saharawi guerrilla organization PoLlSA- rio. In 1986 he became the second Arab leader to meet publicly with an Israeli leader. He condemned the 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. Under his leadership Morocco achieved political stability and some economic and social development, though there were accusations that human rights were not respected in his kingdom. See also Muhammad V; Saharan Arab Democratic Republic.
Hassler Vhas-tarN, Hans Leo (b. Oct. 26, 1564, Niimberg—d. June 8, 1612, Frankfurt am Main) German composer and organist. Born into a fam¬ ily of organists, he studied with Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli in Venice. He served as chamber organist to the Fugger family of Augsburg (1586-c. 1600). His compositions became widely known and were granted copy¬ right protection by the emperor in 1591. A Protestant, he eventually left Catholic Augsburg to take posts in Niimberg, Ulm, and Dresden. He is best known for his sacred Latin choral music, including masses, psalms, and motets, but he also composed Italian madrigals, German part-songs (sev¬ eral became Protestant hymns), and instrumental music.
Hassuna \ha-'sii-n3\ Archaeological site, northern Iraq. An ancient Mesopotamian town located south of Mosul, it was excavated in 1943^44 and was found to represent an advanced village culture that apparently spread throughout northern Mesopotamia. At Hassuna itself, six layers of houses were uncovered, each progressively more substantial. Vessels and pottery dating to c. 5600-5350 bc were discovered. Similar wares found elsewhere in the Middle East show that even as early as the 6th millen¬ nium bc an extensive trade network existed in the region.
Hastings, Battle of (Oct. 14, 1066) Battle that ended in the defeat of Harold II of England by William, duke of Normandy, and established the Normans as rulers of England. On his deathbed Edward the Confessor had granted the English throne to Harold, earl of Wessex, despite an earlier promise to make William his heir. William crossed to England from Nor¬ mandy with a skilled army of 4,000-7,000 men, landing at Pevensey in Sussex and moving eastward along the coast to Hastings. Harold met the Norman invaders with an army of 7,000 men, many of whom were exhausted from the forced march south to meet William following Harold’s victory at the battle of Stamford Bridge three weeks earlier. The English were defeated after a day-long battle in which Harold was killed. After the battle, the Norman duke moved his army to London and was crowned William I on December 25. See also Norman Conquest.
Hastings, Warren (b. Dec. 6, 1732, Churchill, near Daylesford, Oxfordshire, Eng.—d. Aug. 22,
1818, Daylesford) British colonial administrator in India. He worked for the English East India Company from 1750, rising to membership in its council in Bengal (1761-64) and Madras (now Chennai; 1769). As governor of Bengal (1772-74), he moved the central government to Calcutta (now Kolkata) under direct British control and remodeled the justice system. In 1774 he acquired the new title of governor-general, with responsibilities for supervising other British settlements in India.
His powers were shared with a coun¬ cil of four, several of whom tried to blame Hastings for the continuing abuses of power by Englishmen.
From 1777 to 1783 he sought to counter the instability created by the fall of the Mughal Empire and tried to maintain peaceful relations with neighbouring states but was drawn into
f
Warren Hastings, oil painting by Tilly Kettle; in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
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846 I hat ► Hauptmann
the Maratha Wars. This disrupted the company’s trade and antagonized opinion in England, as did several dubious ventures Hastings entered into to raise extra funds. In 1785 he left India at peace and retired to England. In 1786 Edmund Burke introduced an impeachment process against him on charges of corruption; after a trial that lasted from 1788 to 1795, Hast¬ ings was acquitted.
hat Head covering of any of various styles, used for warmth, fashion, or religious or ceremonial purposes, when it often symbolizes the office or rank of the wearer. In the West, through the Middle Ages, men wore hats in the form of caps or hoods, and women wore veils, hoods, or head drap¬ eries. The silk top hat originated in Florence c. 1760. The derby (bowler) was introduced in 1850. The cloth cap with visor was for decades the international standard for workingmen and boys. Women’s hats went through periods of astonishing ostentation, the last being the years pre¬ ceding World War I. Since c. 1960 the wearing of hats by both men and women has greatly declined in the West. With 15th-century origins, the broad-brimmed sombrero is still popular in Mexico and parts of Latin America. The people of East Asia have devised head coverings as simple as the Chinese coolie hat, a one-piece flattened cone, and as elaborate and decorative as the Japanese cap-shaped kammuri of black lacquered silk decorated with an upright streamer and imperial chrysanthemum crest. In India the Gandhi cap, fez, and turban are in general use. In regions where the Ottoman Empire ruled (including the Balkans and North Africa), the traditional headgear of the fez and tarboosh remained popular for men until the 20th century. Farther east, from Iran to South Asia (as well as in parts of coastal Arabia), various types of turbans have been worn by men. In the Arabian interior, the Levant, and parts of Syria and Iraq, the kaf- fiyeh (sometimes called a ghutrah), a wide cloth held in place by a camel- hair cord ( c iqdl), remains customary, even for men sporting Western attire. In Israel the yarmulke is common, particularly among observant Jews.
Hat Act (1732) British law that restricted colonial manufacture and export of hats in competition with English hat makers, limiting the num¬ ber of apprentices and forbidding the use of blacks in the trade. Part of the mercantile policy that restricted trade by the colonies and subordi¬ nated them economically, it enabled English hatters to dominate markets formerly supplied by New England and New York manufacturers.
Hatch Act (1939, amended 1940) Legislation enacted by the U.S. Con¬ gress to eliminate corrupt practices in national elections. The bill was sponsored by Sen. Carl Hatch of New Mexico (1889-1963) in response to allegations that officials of the Works Progress Administration were using their positions to win votes for the Democratic Party in the 1936 election. It forbade intimidation or bribery of voters and restricted politi¬ cal campaign activities by federal employees. It also limited campaign contributions by individuals and spending by campaign committees.