hate crime In law, a crime directed at a person or persons on the basis of characteristics such as race, religion, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. The concept emerged in the U.S. in the late 1970s, and since then laws have been passed in many U.S. states mandating additional penalties for violent crimes motivated by bias or bigotry against particular groups. Several other Western countries, including Australia, Britain, and Canada, have adopted laws designed to curb violent crime against racial and reli¬ gious minorities. For example, German law forbids public incitement and instigation of racial hatred, including the distribution of Nazi propaganda.
Hatfields and McCoys Two families of the U.S. Appalachian Moun¬ tains who engaged in a backwoods feud in the late 19th century. The families, each with at least 13 children and numerous other relatives, lived on opposite sides of a border stream, the Hatfields in West Virginia and the McCoys in Kentucky. The feud may have originated in opposing alle¬ giances in the American Civil War. In 1882 the first murder of a Hatfield was followed by the murder of three McCoys. Retaliatory raids and mur¬ ders continued with little interference from local police. In 1888 a posse of McCoys led by a deputy sheriff captured nine Hatfields in West Vir¬ ginia and took them to Kentucky to stand trial for murder. West Virginia officials charged Kentucky officials with kidnapping. Newspapers nation¬ wide carried the story. The U.S. Supreme Court eventually ruled in favour of Kentucky. The trials resulted in one sentence of death and eight of imprisonment. Flare-ups gradually abated by the 1920s.
Hathor \'ha-tor\ or Athyr Va-'thirV In ancient Egyptian religion, the god¬ dess of the sky, of women, and of fertility and love. Her principal animal form was a cow, and she was strongly associated with motherhood. Her worship was linked at Heliopolis with that of Re, whose wife or daughter
she was said to be. In Upper Egypt she was worshiped with Horus, and in the necropolis at Thebes she was held to be the patroness of the dead.
Hatshepsut \hat-'shep-siit\ Queen of Egypt (c. 1472-58 bc). Daughter of Thutmose I and wife of Thutmose II, she first acted as regent for her stepson, Thutmose III, but soon ordered herself crowned as pharaoh.
She attained unprecedented power, adopting the titles and regalia of a pharaoh, complete with a false beard. She devoted much of the profit from expanded trade and trib¬ ute to an extensive building program, most notably to a splendid temple at Dayr al-Bahri. Thutmose III, who had become head of the army, suc¬ ceeded her; whether she died natu¬ rally or was deposed and killed is uncertain.
Hatta Vha-ta\, Mohammad (b.
Aug. 12, 1902, Bukittinggi, Dutch East Indies—d. March 14, 1980,
Jakarta, Indon.) Indonesian indepen¬ dence leader and prime minister (1948-50). While at school in The Netherlands (1922-32), he became president of a group of Indonesian nationalist students studying over¬ seas. He was imprisoned in a concentration camp in West New Guinea for his activities and then exiled to the island of Bandanaira. He collaborated with the Japanese during World War II. He became prime minister in 1948 and gained support from Western countries that year by suppressing a com¬ munist revolt. Hatta helped guide Indonesia to complete independence in 1949. He became vice president under Sukarno in 1950, but resigned in 1956. After Sukarno’s downfall, he served as an adviser to Suharto.
Hauhau Vhau-.hatA Member of the Pai Marire, a religious-military cult of the Maori people of New Zealand. The cult was founded in 1864 by Te Ua Haumene, who claimed to have been visited by the angel Gabriel and to have sacrificed his child in repentance for the straying of the Maori people. A mixture of Jewish, Christian, and Maori beliefs, the movement held that the Maori were a new chosen people and charged them with driving out the Europeans and recovering the ancestral lands. The effort failed, though fighting lasted until 1872. Some cult beliefs have persisted among the Maoris.
Hauptmann Vhaupt-.manN, Gerhart (Johann Robert) (b. Nov. 15, 1862, Bad Salzbrunn, Silesia,
Prussia—d. June 6, 1946, Agneten- dorf, Ger.) German playwright and poet. He studied sculpture before turning to literature in his early 20s.
His first play, the starkly realistic social drama Before Dawn (1889), made him famous and signaled the end of highly stylized German drama. His naturalistic plays on themes of social reality and proletar¬ ian tragedy, including The Weavers (1892), The Beaver Coat ( 1893), and Drayman Henschel (1898), made him the most prominent German playwright of his era. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1912. In his novels, stories, epic poems, and later plays, he abandoned naturalism for mystical religiosity and mythical symbolism.
Hauptmann Vhaupt- I man\ /
Moritz (b. Oct. 13, 1792, Dresden,
Saxony—d. Jan. 3, 1868, Leipzig) German musicologist. After studying composition and violin with Louis Spohr, he played in a number of orches¬ tras. From 1842 he was cantor of the music school at J.S. Bach’s former
Hatshepsut, limestone sculpture, c.
1485 bc; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
COURTESY OF THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, NEW TORK, ROGERS FUND AND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM EDWARD S. HARKNESS, 1929
Gerhart Hauptmann, etching by Her¬ mann Struck, 1 904; in the Schiller- Nationalmuseum, Marbach, Ger.
COURTESY OF THE SCHILLER-NATIONALMUSEUM, MARBACH, GER
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Hausa ► Hawaiian I 847
church in Leipzig. In 1850 he cofounded the Bach Gesellschaft, devoted to publishing Bach’s complete works; he served as its president the rest of his life and edited its first three volumes. As a theorist, he is known for his emphasis on the harmonic dualism of major and minor (based on the philosophy of G.W.F. Hegel).
Hausa \'hau-so\ People of northwestern Nigeria and southern Niger. Their language, also called Hausa, is an Afroasiatic language of the Chadic group. The Hausa, numbering some 32 million, are the largest ethnic group in the area. In the mid 14th century a confederation of Hausa states was formed, influenced by the spread of Islam from the Mali empire. Hausa society traditionally was, and to some extent continues to be, organized on a feudal basis. The head of an emirate is surrounded by titled office¬ holders who hold villages as fiefs, from which their agents collect taxes. The economy has traditionally rested on agriculture, though craftwork and trade are also important. Hausa society is markedly hierarchical; the rank¬ ing, both of offices and social classes, is expressed in an elaborate eti¬ quette. See also Fulani.
Hausa Vhau-ss, 'hau-zo\ language Afro-Asiatic language of northern Nigeria and southern Niger. Hausa, which is spoken by some 31 million people, belongs to the Chadic branch of Afro-Asiatic. Outside of Hau- saland, communities of Hausa merchants have stimulated the use of Hausa as a lingua franca by tens of millions more across a broad area of the African Sahel and savanna region. Hausa is now customarily written in the Latin alphabet, introduced in the early 20th century, though writing in an adaptation of the Arabic alphabet, attested about a century earlier, con¬ tinues in Qur’anic schools and some other contexts.
hausen See beluga
Haushofer Vhaus-.ho-forV, Karl (Ernst) (b. Aug. 27, 1869, Munich, Bavaria—d. March 13, 1946, Pahl, W.Ger.) German officer and leading proponent of geopolitics. As an army officer in Japan (1908-10), he stud¬ ied its expansionist policies in Asia and later wrote several books on Japan’s role in 20th-century politics. After retiring from the army (1919), he founded the Journal for Geopolitics (1924) and taught at the Univer¬ sity of Munich (1921-39). Haushofer’s influence in military circles was considerable, and in World War II he attempted to justify Germany and Japan in their drives for world power. Investigated for war crimes after the war, he and his wife committed suicide.