Haussmarm \6s-'man\, Georges-Eugene later Baron Hauss- mann (b. March 27, 1809, Paris, Fr.—d. Jan. 11, 1891, Paris) French administrator and city planner. He entered the French civil service in 1831 and became prefect of the Seine department (1853-70). He inaugurated a wide-reaching program of municipal improvements in Paris, including a new water supply and sewage system, the creation of wide avenues through Paris’s mass of small streets, the landscape gardening of the Bois de Boulogne, and the construction of the Paris Opera and Les Halles mar¬ ket. Though the aesthetic merits of his creations are open to dispute, there is no doubt that as a town planner he exerted great influence on cities throughout the world.
Hauy \a-'w y e\, Rene-Just (b. Feb. 28, 1743, Saint-Just-en-Chaussee, France—d. June 1,1822, Paris) French mineralogist, one of the founders of the science of crystallography. He studied theology and was a professor at the College de Navarra for 21 years. He became a professor of mineralogy at the Museum of Natural History (1802) and at the Sorbonne (1809). By experimentation he derived a theory of crystal structure, and he subse¬ quently applied his theory to the classification of minerals. He also was known for his studies of pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity in crystals.
Havana Spanish La Habana \,la-a-'ba-na\ City, capital, and prov¬ ince (pop., 2001 est.: 2,181,500) of Cuba. The city lies on the island’s northern coast. The largest city in the Caribbean, it is Cuba’s chief port, and it has one of the best harbours in the Western Hemisphere. It was founded by the Spanish in 1515 and moved to its present location in 1519. The de facto capital of Cuba by 1553, it was Spain’s chief naval station in the New World. Its harbour was the scene of the destruction of the U.S. battleship Maine in 1898, the immediate cause of the Spanish-American War. Before 1959, when Fidel Castro came to power, Havana was a haven for U.S. tourists, offering gambling and showy nightlife. In addition to being Cuba’s commercial and industrial centre, it contains many build¬ ings of Spanish colonial style, including the 17th-century Cathedral of Havana, the Museum of the City of Havana, and Morro Castle. Old Havana and its fortifications are a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Havel \'ha-v3l\, Vaclav (b. Oct. 5, 1936, Prague, Czech.) Czech play¬ wright and dissident, first president of the Czech Republic (from 1993). He worked in a Prague theatre from 1959 and became resident playwright by 1968. His plays, including The Memorandum (1965), are absurdist, satirical examinations of bureaucratic routines that explore the moral com¬ promises made by those living under totalitarianism. They were banned by the communist authorities, and Havel was repeatedly arrested and imprisoned in the 1970s and ’80s. During antigovernment demonstrations in 1989, he became the leading figure in the Civic Forum, a coalition of groups pressing for democratic reforms. The Communist Party capitulated (in the bloodless “Velvet Revolution”) and formed a coalition government with the Civic Forum, and Havel was elected president in 1989. In 1993 he was elected president of the new Czech Republic.
Havel River \'ha-Pl\ River, northeastern Germany. It flows south out of Mecklenburg to Spandau (in Berlin), where it is joined by the Spree River. Curving past Potsdam and Brandenburg, the Havel heads northwest to join the Elbe River after a course of 213 mi (343 km). Over much of its course it forms part of a canal system that links the Elbe with the Oder River.
Havelok (the Dane) Vha-v9-,lak\ Middle English metrical romance of some 3,000 lines, written c. 1300. Of the literature produced after the Nor¬ man Conquest, it offers the first view of ordinary life. Composed in a Lin¬ colnshire dialect and containing many local traditions, it tells the story of the English princess Goldeboru and the orphaned Danish prince Havelok, who defeats a usurper to become king of Denmark and part of England.
Haverford College Private liberal arts college in Haverford, Pa., near Philadelphia. Founded by Quakers in 1833 as a men’s college, it became coeducational in 1980. It is consistently ranked as one of the top U.S. colleges. It maintains cooperative programs with Bryn Mawr and Swarth- more colleges and the University of Pennsylvania.
Havre, Le See Le Havre
Hawaii formerly Sandwich Islands State (pop., 2000: 1,211,537), U.S., comprising a group of islands in the central Pacific Ocean that cov¬ ers 6,459 sq mi (16,729 sq km). Its capital, Honolulu, lies 2,397 mi (3,857 km) west of San Francisco. The state’s major islands are, from west to east, Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii; there are more than 120 islets. The state’s active volcanoes include Mauna Loa and Kilauea. The majority of the state’s residents live on Oahu. The original Hawaiians were of Polynesian origin and came from the Mar¬ quesas Islands c. ad 400. Capt. James Cook visited the islands in 1778 and called them the Sandwich Islands. At the beginning of the 19th century, Kamehameha I united the group under his rule. American whalers began to stop there; they were followed in 1820 by New England missionaries, and Western influences changed the islands. While Kamehameha III in 1851 placed Hawaii under U.S. protection, a coup fomented by U.S. sugar interests resulted in the monarchy’s overthrow and the establishment of a Republic of Hawaii (1893). In 1898 the new republic and the U.S. agreed on annexation, and in 1900 Hawaii became a U.S. territory. The bomb¬ ing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese in 1941 led to U.S. involvement in World War II, and Hawaii became a major naval station. Hawaii became the 50th state in 1959. Its largest industry is tourism. It is also a world astronomy centre, with telescopes atop Mauna Kea.
Hawaii Volcanic island, part of the state of Hawaii, U.S. It lies south of Maui and constitutes Hawaii county, with Hilo (pop., 2000: 40,759) the island’s main town. Known as the Big Island, it is the largest in area at 4,028 sq mi (10,433 sq km) and southeasternmost of the Hawaiian Island group. It is the youngest geologically and was formed by five vol¬ canoes connected by lava ridges. Kilauea, the world’s most active volcano, is located there in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The island has other volcanic peaks, including Mauna Kea. Sugar, tourism, cattle, orchids, and coffee are the basis of the economy.
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park National preserve, southeast¬ ern shore of Hawaii island, U.S. Established in 1916, it occupies an area of 358 sq mi (927 sq km) and includes the active volcanoes Mauna Loa and Kilauea, 25 mi (40 km) apart. Other highlights are Kau Desert, an area of lava formations near Kilauea, and a tree-fern forest that receives nearly 100 in. (2,500 mm) of annual rainfall.
Hawaiian Any of the aboriginal people of Hawaii. They are the descen¬ dants of Polynesians who migrated to Hawaii in two waves: the first from the Marquesas Islands probably c. ad 400; the second from Tahiti in the 9th or 10th century. Without metals, pottery, or beasts of burden, Hawai-
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848 I Hawaiian goose ► hawthorn
ians made implements of stone, wood, shell, teeth, and bone. They had a highly developed oral culture and possessed percussion, string, and wind instruments. Their basic unit of land, the ahupuaa, usually extended from the shore to the mountaintop, providing the occupants with the means to grow and gather all they needed. Hawaiians had four principal gods and many lesser deities. Their laws, which included intricate taboos, bore heavily upon the people, especially women. After the arrival of Christian missionaries in 1820, some of the more repressive laws and taboos were abolished, but the native population was devastated by Western diseases. Numbering about 300,000 in 1778, full-blooded Hawaiians today num¬ ber fewer than 10,000.