Hay See Armenian
hay In agriculture, dried grasses and other foliage used as animal feed. Typical hay crops are timothy, alfalfa, and clover. Usually the material is cut in the field while still green and then either dried in the field or mechanically dried by forced hot air. Balers compress hay into tightly packed rectangular or cylindrical bales tied with wire or twine. Loose hay may also be “vacuumed” off the field and then blown into stacks in a barn or other storage facility. Properly cured hay with 20% or less moisture may be stored for months without danger of spoilage.
Hay, John (Milton) (b. Oct. 8, 1838, Salem, Ind., U.S.—d. July 1, 1905, Newbury, N.H.) U.S. diplomat and writer. He studied law in Spring- field, Ill., where he met Abraham Lincoln. He served as President Lincoln’s private secretary (1861-65) and then held diplomatic posts in Europe (1865-70). After writing editorials for the New York Tribune (1870-75), he served as assistant secretary of state (1879-81). He coauthored a 10-volume biography of Lincoln (1890). He was appointed ambassador to Britain (1897-98) by Pres. William McKinley. As secretary of state (1898-1905), Hay helped negotiate the end of the Spanish-American War, supported the decision to retain the Philippines for the U.S., promulgated the Open Door policy, and negotiated treaties that gave the U.S. an exclu¬ sive right to build the Panama Canal.
hay fever Seasonal sneezing, nasal congestion, and tearing and itch¬ ing of the eyes caused by allergy to the pollen of certain plants. These plants are chiefly those pollinated by the wind (e.g., ragweed in North America, timothy grass in Britain). Antihistamines and corticosteroids may provide temporary relief, but the most effective long-range treatment is desensitization. Unless properly treated, about one-third of patients with hay fever develop asthma.
Haya de la Torre \'a-ya-tha-la-'t6r-ra\, Victor Raul (b. Feb. 22, 1895, Trujillo, Peru—d. Aug. 2, 1979, Lima) Peruvian political theorist and activist. The son of wealthy parents, in 1914 he founded APRA, a left-of-centre reformist party. He ran for president repeatedly but was always thwarted by the military and other conservative forces. He spent much of his life in prison, exile, or hiding, influencing Peruvian politics through his underground activities and writings. See also indigenismo.
Hayashi Razan \ha-'ya-she-ra-'zan\ (b. August 1583, Kyoto, Japan—d. Feb. 4, 1657, Edo) Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar. Originally a student of Buddhism, he became a loyal adherent of Neo-Confucianism, and from 1607 he served the Tokugawa shogunate. He established the
Neo-Confucian teachings of Zhu Xi as the ideology of the shogunate, emphasizing loyalty and a hierarchical social order. Hayashi also reinter¬ preted Shinto from the point of view of Zhu Xi’s philosophy, laying the foundation for the Confucianized Shinto of later centuries. In 1630 the third Tokugawa shogun gave him an estate in Edo, where he founded an academy.
Haydarabad See Hyderabad
Haydn \'hl-d 3 n\, (Franz) Joseph (b. March 31, 1732, Rohrau, Austria—d. May 31, 1809, Vienna) Austrian composer. Intended for the priesthood, he was recruited at age eight to the choir at St. Stephen’s Church, Vienna, where he learned violin and keyboard. On leaving the choir, he began supporting himself by teaching and playing violin, while undertaking rigorous study of counterpoint and harmony. He came to the attention of Pietro Metastasio and through him became factotum to the com¬ poser Nicola Porpora in exchange for lessons. Gaining entree to high soci¬ ety, in 1761 he became head of the musical establishment at the great palace of the Esterhazy family, which would support him for most of his career. In this position of artistic isolation but with excellent resources, Haydn felt free to experiment and was forced to become original. By his late years he was recognized internationally as the greatest living composer. He com¬ posed important works in almost every genre, and his elegant and ingrati¬ ating works balance wit and seriousness, custom and innovation. The first great symphonist, he composed 108 symphonies, including the popular last 12 “London symphonies” (1791-95). He virtually invented the string quar¬ tet, and his 68 quartets remain the foundation of the quartet literature. His choral works include 15 masses and the oratorios The Creation (1798) and The Seasons (1801). He also wrote 48 piano sonatas and more than 100 beautiful works for the cello-like baryton. The principal shaper of the Clas¬ sical style, he exerted major influence on his friend Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and on his student Ludwig van Beethoven.
Hayek Vhi-ak\, Friedrich (August) von (b. May 8, 1899, Vienna, Austria—d. March 23, 1992, Freiburg, Ger.) Austrian-born British econo¬ mist. He moved to London in 1931 and held positions at the University of London and the London School of Economics, becoming a British citi¬ zen in 1938. Later posts included a professorship at the University of Chicago (1950-62). Throughout his life Hayek criticized socialism, often contrasting it with a system of free markets. In his works he opposed the theories of John Maynard Keynes and argued that government intervention in the free market is destructive of individual values and could not pre¬ vent such economic ailments as inflation, unemployment, and recession. His books include The Road to Serfdom (1944), The Constitution of Lib¬ erty (1960), and The Political Order of a Free People (1979). His views have been highly influential among conservatives, including Margaret Thatcher. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize with Gunnar Myrdal.
Hayes, Bob in full Robert Lee Hayes (b. Dec. 20, 1942, Jackson¬ ville, Fla., U.S.—d. Sept. 18, 2002, Jacksonville) U.S. sprinter and foot¬ ball player. He was a star sprinter and running back for Florida A&M University. In 1963 he set a world record (9.1 seconds) in the 100-yard dash that stood for 11 years. At the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo he won gold medals in the 100-m event and the 4 x 100-m relay; his remark¬ able performance in the latter event—his relay split was 8.6 seconds— helped earn him the unofficial title “World’s Fastest Human.” He later joined the Dallas Cowboys football team of the NFL as a wide receiver (1965-76) and kick returner and was a member of the 1972 team that won the Super Bowl.
Hayes (Brown), Helen (b. Oct. 10, 1900, Washington, D.C., U.S.—d. March 17, 1993, Nyack, N.Y.) U.S. actress. She began her stage career at age five and made her Broadway debut at nine. She went on to an illustrious career, starring in Broadway productions such as Caesar and Cleopatra (1925), What Every Woman Knows (1926), and The Animal Kingdom (1932) and became known as “the First Lady of the American Theatre.” Her small physical size belied a majestic stage presence that made her memorable in Mary of Scotland (1933—34) and Victoria Regina (1935-39). She starred in revivals of The Skin of Our Teeth (1955), The Glass Menagerie (1956), and Long Day’s Journey into Night (1971), acted in numerous radio and television plays, and won Academy Awards for her films The Sin ofMadelon Claudet{ 1931) and Airport (1970), three Tony Awards, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. She was married to Charles MacArthur.
Hayes, Rutherford B(irchard) (b. Oct. 4, 1822, Delaware, Ohio, U.S.—d. Jan. 17, 1893, Fremont, Ohio) 19th president of the U.S. (1877—
Nathaniel Hawthorne, photograph by Mathew Brady.
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