Henze Vhent-S9\, Hans Werner (b. July 1, 1926, Giitersloh, Ger.) German-Italian composer. He studied with Wolfgang Fortner (1907-87) and later with Rene Leibowitz (1913-72). After an early association with the avant-garde at Darmstadt under Leibowitz’s influence, the more tradi¬ tional grounding received from Fortner reasserted itself. He moved perma¬ nently to Italy in 1953. He is best known for his operas, which include Der Konig Hirsch (1955), Elegy for Young Lovers (1961), Der junge Lord (1964), and The Bassarids (1965). He also wrote numerous major sympho¬ nies and concertos. His longtime commitment to Marxism expressed itself in many of his works. Though never known widely in the U.S., in Europe Henze is considered one of the major composers of the later 20th century.
heparin Vhe-po-ronX Naturally occurring mixture of organic compounds used as a short-term anticoagulant to prevent thrombosis during and after surgery and for initial treatment of various heart, lung, and circulatory disorders in which there is increased risk of blood clotting. Comprising complex carbohydrate molecules called mucopolysaccharides, it normally is present in the human body in liver and lung tissues. It was discovered in 1922 and originally used to prevent clotting in blood taken for labo¬ ratory tests.
hepatitis Inflammation of the liver. There are seven known types of viral hepatitis (A-G). Types A, spread mainly through food contaminated with feces, and B, transmitted sexually or by injection, cause jaundice and flu¬ like symptoms. The hepatitis C virus spreads mostly by shared needles in intravenous drug use and can cause liver cirrhosis and cancer after a long latent period. Until recently there was no test to detect it in blood, and many people were exposed through blood transfusions. Hepatitis D becomes active only in the presence of type B; it causes severe chronic liver disease. Type E, like Type A, is transmitted by contaminated food or water; its symptoms are more severe than Type A’s and can result in death. The hepatitis F virus (HFV), which was first reported in 1994, is spread like Type A and E. The hepatitis G virus (HGV), isolated in 1996, is believed to be responsible for many sexually transmitted and blood- borne cases of hepatitis. Vaccines exist for types A and B (the second also prevents type D). Drug treatment for B and C is not always effective. The other types may not need drug treatment. Chronic active hepatitis causes spidery and striated skin markings, acne, and abnormal hair growth. It results in liver tissue death (necrosis) progressing to cirrhosis. Alcoholic hepatitis, from long-term overconsumption of alcohol, can be reversed and cirrhosis prevented by early treatment including quitting or sharply reducing drinking. Other drugs can also cause noninfectious hepatitis. An autoimmune hepatitis affects mainly young women and is treated with corticosteroids to relieve symptoms.
Hepburn, Audrey orig. Edda van Heemstra Hepburn- Ruston (b. May 4, 1929, Brussels, Belg.—d. Jan. 20, 1993, Tolochenaz, Switz.) Belgian-born film actress. After spending World War II in the Nazi-occupied Netherlands, she studied ballet and acting in London. She was discovered by Colette, who insisted she play the lead in Gigi on Broadway (1951). She made her U.S. film debut in Roman Holiday (1953, Academy Award), then returned to Broadway in Ondine (1954, Tony Award). She projected a radiant, elfin innocence combined with elegance in films such as Sabrina (1954), War and Peace (1956), Funny Face (1957), Breakfast at Tiffany’s ( 1961), My Fair Lady { 1964), and Wait Until Dark (1967). She later devoted herself to charity work and was a good¬ will ambassador for UNICEF.
Hepburn, Katharine (Houghton) (b. May 12, 1907, Hartford, Conn., U.S.—d. June 29, 2003, Old Saybrook, Conn.) U.S. actress. She made her Broadway debut in 1928 and became a star with her first film,
A Bill of Divorcement (1932). Her following grew with Morning Glory (1933, Academy Award), Little Women (1933), and Bringing Up Baby (1938), to which she brought a spirited individuality and strength of character. She starred in the Broad¬ way hit The Philadelphia Story (1939; film, 1940). Among her other notable films were The African Queen (1951), Summertime (1955), and Suddenly Last Summer (1959).
She made eight films with her long¬ time lover Spencer Tracy, including Woman of the Year (1942), Pat and Mike (1952), and Guess Who’s Com¬ ing to Dinner (1967, Academy Award), and won two more Oscars for The Lion in Winter (1968) and On Golden Pond (1981).
Hephaestus or Hephaistos \hi-'fes-tos\ Greek god of fire. He was originally a deity of Asia Minor and nearby islands (especially Lemnos); his Roman counterpart was Vulcan. Born lame, or crippled at an early age, he was cast out of heaven by his parents, Zeus and Hera. His wife
Katharine Hepburn.
BROWN BROTHERS
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Hepplewhite ► Herbert I 865
was Aphrodite, goddess of love. He was the patron of smiths and crafts¬ man and was often depicted working at his forge. Volcanoes were believed to be the fires of his workshops.
Hepplewhite, George (d. 1786, London, Eng.) British cabinet¬ maker. He was apprenticed to a furniture maker in Lancaster and later opened a shop in London. His reputation is based on his Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer’s Guide (1788), containing some 300 designs. Pieces based on his designs are rare and none can be definitely attributed to his firm, nor can his personal responsibility for the designs be established; the plates in the book are unsigned. The designs have the simplicity, elegance, and utility associated with the graceful Neoclassical style (e.g., chairs with straight, tapered legs and oval backs). His designs were bor¬ rowed by Thomas Sheraton and Duncan Phyfe.
heptathlon Women’s athletics competition. Contestants take part in seven different track-and-field events: 100-m hurdles, shot put, high jump, long jump, javelin throw, and 200- and 800-m runs. The two-day event replaced the women’s pentathlon in the Olympic Games after 1981.
Hepworth, Dame (Jocelyn) Barbara (b. Jan. 10, 1903, Wake¬ field, Eng.—d. May 20, 1975, St. Ives) British sculptor. Her work, natu¬ ralistic at first, became abstract by the 1930s, when she produced severe geometrical pieces with straight edges. As Hepworth’s sculpture matured during the late 1930s and ’40s, she concentrated on the problem of the counterplay between mass and space. By the 1950s she was internation¬ ally famous, and she received many prestigious commissions, including Single Form (1963), a memorial to Dag Hammarskjold at the UN Build¬ ing, New York City. She became, with Henry Moore, a leader of the mod¬ ern movement in England and one of the most influential sculptors of the mid 20th century.
Hera Greek queen of the gods and sister-wife of Zeus. Her Roman coun¬ terpart was Juno. She was worshiped as queen of heaven and patron of marriage and women. She also held the title Eileithyia, the goddess of birth. She was the patron deity of Samos and Argos, which held celebra¬ tions and processions in her honor. Her sacred animal was the cow. In literature she was depicted as a jealous wife who vindictively pursued the women Zeus seduced.
Heracleitus V.her-o-'kll-tosN or Heraclitus (b. c. 540, Ephesus, in Anatolia—d. c. 480 bc) Greek philosopher. Little is known of his life; the one book he apparently wrote is lost, and his views survive only in short fragments attributed to him. In his cosmology, fire forms the basic material principle of an orderly universe: he called the world order an “ever-living fire kindling in measures and being extinguished in measures,” and he extended fire’s manifestations to include the ether in the upper atmosphere. The persistence of unity despite change is illustrated by his famous analogy of the river: “Upon those who step into the same rivers, different and ever different waters flow down.” Plato later took Heracleitus to mean that all things are in constant flux, regardless of how they appeal - to the senses.