Hertz \'herts,\ English VhortsV Heinrich (Rudolf) (b. Feb. 22, 1857, Hamburg, Ger.—d. Jan. 1, 1894, Bonn) German physicist. While a pro¬ fessor at Karlsruhe Polytechnic (1885-89), he produced electromagnetic waves in the laboratory and measured their length and velocity. He showed that the nature of their vibration and their susceptibility to reflec¬ tion and refraction were the same as those of light waves, and he proved that light and heat are electromagnetic radiations. He was the first to broadcast and receive radio waves. In 1889 he was appointed professor at the University of Bonn, where he continued his research on the dis¬ charge of electricity in rarefied gases. The hertz (Hz), a unit of frequency in cycles per second, is named for him.
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870 I Hertzog ► Hesse
Hertzog Vhert-.sokV, J(ames) B(arry) M(unnik) (b. April 3, 1866, near Wellington, Cape Colony—d. Nov. 21, 1942, Pretoria, S.Af.) Prime minister of the Union of South Africa (1924-39). His political principles were “South Africa First” (i.e., ahead of the British Empire) and the “Two Streams Policy,” under which British and Afrikaner would be free from domination by each other. He served in the cabinet of Louis Botha (1910— 12), but he broke with Botha because of his nationalist sympathies and formed the National Party. As prime minister, Hertzog gave South Africa its flag, made Afrikaans an official language, promoted apartheid, and affirmed the equality of British and Afrikaner rights. In 1933 he was forced to accept a coalition with Jan Smuts, and in 1939 he resigned over the issue of neutrality in World War II.
Hertzsprung-Russell Vhert-spriirj-'ro-soH diagram or H-R dia¬ gram Graph in which the absolute magnitudes of stars are plotted against their colours (a measure of their temperatures). Of great importance to theories of stellar evolution, it evolved from charts begun independently in 1911 by the Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung (1873-1967) and the U.S. astronomer Henry Norris Russell (1877-1957). On the diagram, stars are ranked from bottom to top in order of increasing brightness and from right to left by increasing temperature. Stars tend to cluster in cer¬ tain parts of the diagram, especially along a diagonal line, called the main sequence, which is the locus of hydrogen-burning stars of different masses.
Hervey Bay Inlet and city (pop., 2001: 41,890), southeastern Queens¬ land, Australia. Named in 1770 by Capt. James Cook and surveyed in 1804, the bay measures 55 by 40 mi (89 by 64 km). Hervey Bay city comprises a complex of bayside resorts, which also serve a district of sugarcane and pineapple plantations.
Herzegovina See Bosnia and Herzegovina
Herzen \'hert-son\, Aleksandr (Ivanovich) (b. April 6, 1812, Mos¬ cow, Russia—d. Jan. 21, 1870, Paris, France) Russian writer and politi¬ cal activist. As a student at the University of Moscow, he joined a socialist group, for which he was exiled to work in the provincial bureaucracy (1834—42). Returning to Moscow, he joined the Westemizers but then turned to anarchist socialism. After inheriting a considerable fortune, he left Russia. In Paris he proclaimed Western institutions “dead” and devel¬ oped the theory of a unique Russian path to socialism known as peasant populism. He moved to London in 1852 and founded the Free Russian Press, as well as the influential newspaper Kolokol (“The Bell”) in 1857; smuggled into Russia, the paper was read by both reformers and revolu¬ tionaries. When the Emancipation Act was enacted in 1861, he denounced it as a betrayal of the peasants. He then turned his energies to writing My Past and Thoughts (1861-67), considered one of the greatest works of Russian prose.
Herzl Vhert-s 3 l\, Theodor (b. May 2, 1860, Budapest, Hungary—d. July 3, 1904, Edlach, Austria) Hungarian Zionist leader. Growing up Jew¬ ish in Hungary, he believed that assimilation was the best strategy to deal with the anti-Semitism he encountered. He became a Zionist while cov¬ ering the Alfred Dreyfus affair as a journalist in Paris. In 1897 he orga¬ nized a world congress of Zionism, which was attended by about 200 delegates, and he became the first president of the World Zionist Orga¬ nization, established by the congress. Herzl’s indefatigable organizing, propagandizing, and diplomacy had much to do with making Zionism a political movement of worldwide significance. Though he died more than 40 years before the establishment of the state of Israel, his remains were moved to Jerusalem in 1949 and entombed on a hill now known as Mount Herzl.
Herzog Vhert-sok\, Werner orig. Werner H. Stipetic (b. Sept. 5, 1942, Munich, Ger.) German filmmaker. He won two awards for his first feature film, Signs of Life (1967), which introduced the theme of a descent into madness that was to reappear in his later films, most powerfully in Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), Nosferatu (1979), and Fitzcarraldo (1982). He documented his tumultuous friendship with actor Klaus Kin¬ ski in the film My Best Fiend (1999). His surreal and exotic films were among the best of the highly praised postwar West German cinema.
Heschel Vhe-shoL, Abraham Joshua (b. 1907, Warsaw, Pol., Rus¬ sian Empire—d. Dec. 23, 1972, New York, N.Y., U.S.) Polish-born U.S. Jewish philosopher and theologian. He studied at the University of Ber¬ lin and taught Jewish studies in Germany until he was deported by the Nazis in 1938. After coming to the U.S., he taught at Hebrew Union Col¬
lege and later at Jewish Theological Seminary. His goal was to devise a modern philosophy of religion based on ancient and medieval Judaic tra¬ ditions, and he emphasized Judaism’s prophetic and mystical aspects. Emphasizing social action as an expression of pious ethical concerns, he worked for black civil rights and against the Vietnam War. His writings include Man Is Not Alone (1951) and God in Search of Man (1956).
Heshen or Ho-shen (b. 1750, China—d. Feb. 22, 1799, Beijing) Infa¬ mous Chinese courtier who abused his influence with the Qianlong emperor to assume high ministerial positions and control revenue disburse¬ ments and personnel recruiting. His embezzlement of funds intended for suppressing the White Lotus rebellion prolonged the fighting and drove the imperial troops to looting, consequently undermining the authority of the Qing dynasty. He was arrested by the Qianlong emperor’s successor and forced to commit suicide.
Hesiod Vhe-se-od, 'he-se-od\ (fl. c. 700 bc) Greek poet. One of the ear¬ liest Greek poets, he is often called the father of Greek didactic poetry. A native of Boeotia, in central Greece, he may have been a professional reciter of poetry. Two complete epics have survived: the Theogony, relat¬ ing stories of the gods, and the Works and Days, describing peasant life and expressing his views on the proper conduct of men. His works reveal his essentially serious outlook on life and portray a less glamorous world than Homer’s. His poems won renown during his lifetime, and the power of his name was such that epics by others were later attributed to him.
Hess, (Walter Richard) Rudolf (b. April 26, 1894, Alexandria, Egypt—d. Aug. 17, 1987, West Berlin, W.Ger.) German Nazi leader. He joined the fledgling Nazi Party in 1920 and soon became Adolf Hitler’s friend. After participating in the Beer Hall Putsch (1923), he escaped but returned voluntarily to prison, where he took down dictation for Hitler’s Mein Kampf He became Hitler’s private secretary and, in 1933, deputy party leader. In the early days of World War II his power waned. In 1941 he created an international sensation when he secretly landed by para¬ chute in Scotland on an abortive mission to negotiate peace between Brit¬ ain and Germany. The British government held him as a prisoner of war, and his peace initiative was rejected by Hitler. He was given a life sen¬ tence at the NOrnberg trials, and from 1966 he was the sole inmate at Spandau prison.