Hialeah \,hI-3-'le-9\ City (pop., 2000: 226,419), southeastern Florida, U.S. Settled in 1921 by aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss and cattleman James H. Bright, the town took its name from a Seminole Indian word meaning “pretty prairie.” The city serves mainly as a residential suburb of Miami. It is the site of the horse-racing track Hialeah Park (1925).
Hiawatha V.hi-o-'wo-thoX Ojibxva "He Makes Rivers" Legendary chief (c. 1450) of the Onondaga people of the northwestern U.S. He is regarded by tradition as the founder of the Iroquois Confederacy. His story is told in Henry W. Longfellow’s popular poem Song of Hiawatha (1855), though Longfellow perpetuated an error of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft’s that placed Hiawatha in a Midwestern tribe.
hibernation State of greatly slowed metabolism and low body tempera¬ ture in winter in certain animals. True hibernators include many cold¬ blooded animals and a few mammals (e.g., bats, hedgehogs) that go into a near-dead state with a near-freezing body temperature and very slow breathing and heart rate. Mammals such as bears that sleep in dens with only slightly lowered body temperature wake easily and are not consid¬ ered true hibernators. Most hibernators build up a reserve of body fat or store food ahead of time. They may wake and eat several times during the winter. Cold-blooded animals must hibernate where the weather drops below freezing. Hibernation’s warm-weather equivalent is estivation.
Hiberno-Saxon style Decorative style that resulted when Irish (Hibernian) monks went to England in 635. It mingled the Celtic deco¬ rative tradition—curvilinear and “trumpet” forms, scrolls, spirals, and a double-curve motif—with the interlaced zoomorphic patterns and bright coloration of the pagan Anglo-Saxons. Mediterranean art entered as an element when St. Augustine of Canterbury’s mission arrived from Rome, introducing the human figure in art objects, but the style’s basic charac¬ teristics remained geometric, with interlaced designs and areas of bright colour, as seen in the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells. It was taken to Europe by Irish and Saxon Christian missionaries and there exerted strong influence on Carolingian art. See also Anglo-Saxon art.
hibiscus \hl-'bis-k3s\ Any of about 250 species of shrubs, trees, and herbaceous plants that make up the genus Hibiscus, in the mallow family, native to warm temperate and tropi¬ cal regions. Several are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flowers.
The tropical Chinese hibiscus, or China rose ( H. rosa-sinensis), has large, somewhat bell-shaped reddish blossoms. The East African hibiscus (H. schizopetalus), a drooping shrub, is often grown in hanging baskets indoors. Other members of the genus include okra, rose of Sharon, and many flowering plants known by the common name mallow.
hiccup Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm that causes a sudden breath in, cut off when the vocal cords snap together, creating the char¬ acteristic sound. Causes include overdistended stomach, gastric irritation, and nerve spasms. The many folk remedies for hiccups interrupt the rhythm of the spasms. The most common and effective treatment is to hold the breath as long as possible. Hiccups usually stop within minutes, though they may last days, weeks, or longer. Prolonged severe hiccups are treated with nerve blocks or by surgically cutting the nerve that sup¬ plies the diaphragm.
China rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)
SVEN SAMEUUS
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Hickok ► hieroglyph I 873
Hickok, Wild Bill orig. James Butler Hickok (b. May 27, 1837, Troy Grove, Ill., U.S.—d. Aug. 2,
1876, Deadwood, Dakota Territory)
U.S. frontiersman. He left home in 1865 to farm in Kansas, where he became involved in the Free State (antislavery) movement. He later served as a constable in Monticello,
Kan. While working as a stage driver in 1861, he shot and killed the out¬ law Dave McCanles; legends of his marksmanship probably began in the exaggerated accounts of his role in this incident. He was a Union scout and a spy in the American Civil War (1861—65); after the war, he was appointed deputy U.S. marshal (1866-67). His ironhanded rule as sheriff of Hays City (1869-71) and as marshal of Abilene (1871) helped tame these Kansas towns. While seated at a poker table in a saloon, he was shot dead by a drunken stranger. Jack McCall.
hickory Any of about 18 species of deciduous timber and nut-producing trees that make up the genus Carya , in the walnut family. About 15 spe¬ cies are native to eastern North America and 3 to eastern Asia. The fruit is an egg-shaped nut enclosed in a fleshy husk. Some species—principally shagbark hickory (C. ovata ), shellbark hickory (C. laciniosa), mockemut hickory (C. tomentosa ), and pecan —produce large, sweet-tasting, edible nuts. The pecan, the most valuable species economically, is cultivated for its flavourful nuts and its light-coloured wood. The wood of other hicko¬ ries is used as fuel and for tool handles, sports equipment, furniture, and flooring.
Hicks, Edward (b. April 4, 1780, Attleboro, Pa., U.S.—d. Aug. 23, 1849, Newtown, Pa.) U.S. painter. He was a coach and sign painter from an early age. In middle age he began to produce paintings of farm scenes and landscapes in a naive, or folk, style. Fearing that art was contrary to his Quaker religion but believing that it might bring meaning to life, he often framed his pictures with edifying verse. He painted his best-known subject. The Peaceable Kingdom , about 100 times; some 25 versions sur¬ vive. In this charming Quaker pageant, William Penn appears on the left making his treaty with the Native Americans, while beasts are gathered on the right with little children playing among them.
The Cornell Farm, oil on canvas by Edward Hicks, 1848; in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
COURTESY OF THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART, WASHINGTON, D.C., GIFT OF EDGAR WILLIAM AND BERNICE CHRYSLER GARBISCH
Hicks, Sir John R(ichard) (b. April 8, 1904, Leamington Spa, War¬ wickshire, Eng.—d. May 20, 1989, Blockley, Gloucestershire) British economist. He taught at several institutions, notably the University of
Oxford, and he was knighted in 1964. His classic work Value and Capi¬ tal (1939) helped resolve basic conflicts between business-cycle theory and the equilibrium theory, which holds that economic forces tend to bal¬ ance one another rather than simply reflect cyclical trends. He shared the 1972 Nobel Prize with Kenneth Arrow.
Hidalgo \hi-'dal-go\ State (pop., 2000: 2,235,591), east-central Mexico. It covers 8,036 sq mi (20,813 sq km), and its capital is Pachuca. It was part of the state of Mexico until 1869, when it was established as a sepa¬ rate state in honour of the revolutionary patriot Miguel Hidalgo. Contain¬ ing some of the most mountainous areas in Mexico, it has extensive mineral deposits, including silver and gold. In pre-Columbian times it was the centre of the Toltec civilization; an archaeological site near Tula, west of Pachuca, is the remains of the Toltec capital. The state has major met¬ alworking factories as well as agricultural production.
Hidalgo \e-'dal-go\ (y Costilla), Miguel (b. May 8, 1753, near Pen- jamo, Guanajuato, Mex.—d. July 30, 1811, Chihuahua) Mexican priest, called the father of Mexican independence. Ordained in 1789, he had an uneventful early career. In the town of Dolores (now Dolores Hidalgo), he joined a group plotting independence from Spain in the light of Napo¬ leon’s invasion of that country. On Sept. 16, 1810, when his group was betrayed, he rang the church bell and addressed his parishioners with his Grito de Dolores (“Cry of Dolores”), calling them to revolution. Thou¬ sands of Indians and mestizos joined him, and he succeeded in capturing Guanajuato and other cities in the region before reaching Mexico City, where his hesitation led to their defeat and his execution. The martyred Hidalgo became a potent symbol of the independence movement that eventually succeeded, and each September 16—now celebrated as Mexi¬ co’s Independence Day—the president shouts a version of the Grito de Dolores from the National Palace balcony.