woman composer in the Western tradition whose music is known. Though long regarded as a saint, she has never been formally canonized.
Hill, David Octavius, and Robert Adamson (respectively b. 1802, Perth, Scot.—d. May 17, 1870, Newington; b. 1821, Berunside, Scot.—d. Jan. 1848, St. Andrews) Scottish photographers. Hill, originally a painter, was a founding member of the Royal Scottish Academy and its secretary for 40 years. In 1843 he enlisted the help of Adamson, a chemist experienced in photography, in photographing the delegates to the found¬ ing convention of the Free Church of Scotland. They used the calotype pro¬ cess, by which an image was developed from a paper negative. In these and other portraits they demonstrated a masterly sense of form and composition and a dramatic use of light and shade. Their five-year partnership resulted in some 3,000 photographs, including many views of Edinburgh and small fishing villages. Before Adamson died at age 27, they produced some of the greatest photographic portraits of the 19th century.
Hill, James J(erome) (b. Sept. 16, 1838, near Guelph, Ont., Can.—d. May 29, 1916, St. Paul, Minn., U.S.) Canadian-U.S. financier and rail¬ road builder. He began his career in St. Paul overseeing steamboat trans¬ portation. In 1873 he reorganized a bankrupt railroad as the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway Co. and was named its president in 1882. The Great Northern Railway Co. absorbed the St. Paul line in 1890, and Hill became its president (1893-1907) and chairman of the board (1907-12). The Northern Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads also came under Hill’s control; Edward Harriman’s attempt to seize control of Northern Pacific from him (1901) triggered a Wall Street panic. Hill’s banking activity as president of Northern Securities Co. was declared in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1904.
Hill, Joe orig. Joel Emmanuel Hagglund (b. Oct. 7, 1879, Gavle, Swed.—d. Nov. 19, 1915, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.) Swedish-U.S. song¬ writer and organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Hill immigrated to the U.S. c. 1902 and joined the IWW in 1910. His songs of protest and solidarity—including “The Preacher and the Slave,” in which he coined the phrase pie in the sky to mock the “reward” awaiting the meek in the next world—became widely popular. In 1914 he was arrested in Salt Lake City and charged with the murder of a grocer and his son during a robbery. Convicted on circumstantial evidence despite mass demonstra¬ tions on his behalf, Hill was executed by a firing squad. His death made him a martyr in the eyes of the radical U.S. labour movement.
Hill painting See Pahari painting
Hillary, Sir Edmund (Percival) (b. July 20, 1919, Auckland, N.Z.) New Zealand mountain climber and explorer. Hillary was a professional beekeeper but enjoyed climbing in the New Zealand Alps. In 1951 he joined a New Zealand party to the central Himalayas and then went on to help in a reconnaissance of the southern flank of Everest. In 1953, as a member of the British Everest expedition, he and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit on May 29, becoming the first known climbers to do so. The achievement brought Hil¬ lary worldwide fame and he was knighted that same year. In 1958 he participated in the first crossing of Antarctica by vehicle. From the 1960s he has helped build schools and hospitals for the Sherpa people.
Hillel (fl. 1st century bc-c. first quarter of the 1st century ad) Jewish sage and architect of rabbinic Judaism. Born in Babylonia, he went to Pal¬ estine to complete his studies under the Pharisees. He became the revered head of the school known by his name, the House of Hillel, and his care¬ fully applied method of exegesis came to be called the Seven Rules of Hillel. He liberated texts from a slavish literal interpretation and sought to make obedience to the Law feasible for all Jews. His legal writings were very influential in the compilation of the Talmud, which also contains many stories and legends about his life. He is remembered as a model scholar and communal leader, whose brilliance, patience, and goodness are to be emulated by all rabbis.
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876 I Hilliard ► Hindemith
Hilliard Vhil-yardV Nicholas (b. 1547, Exeter, Eng.—d. Jan. 7, 1619, London) British painter. The son of a goldsmith, he trained as a jeweler and began painting miniatures in his youth. In 1570 he was appointed miniature painter to Elizabeth I. He produced many portraits of her and of such members of her court as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh. He retained his appointment on the accession of James I (1603), while also practicing as a goldsmith and jeweler. The first great native-born English painter of the Renaissance, he raised the art of miniature painting to its high¬ est point of development and influenced English portraiture through the early 17th century.
Hillman, Sidney orig. Simcha Hillman (b. March 23, 1887, Zagare, Lith.—d. July 10, 1946, Point Lookout, N.Y., U.S.) Lithuanian- born U.S. labour leader. He immigrated to the U.S. in 1907, became a garment worker, and was elected president of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America in 1914. Under his leadership the union greatly increased its membership, secured unemployment insurance, and orga¬ nized two banks. He served in various New Deal labour organizations, including the National Recovery Administration. Hillman also helped found the Congress of Industrial Organizations and was active in it until his death. See also AFL-CIO; John L. Lewis.
Hillquit, Morris orig. Morris Hillkowitz (b. Aug. 1, 1869, Riga, Latvia—d. Oct. 7, 1933, New York, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. socialist leader. He immigrated to the U.S. in 1886, joined the Socialist Labor Party, and helped found the United Hebrew Trades in 1888. When the party split, he led a moderate faction to help form the Social Democratic Party, which in 1901 became the Socialist Party. As the party’s chief theoretician, he defined its position of pacifism during World War I and defended many socialists in court. He was twice the Socialist Party’s unsuccessful can¬ didate for mayor of New York (1917, 1932).
Hilton, Conrad (Nicholson) (b. Dec. 25, 1887, San Antonio, N.M., U.S.—d. Jan. 3,1979, Santa Monica, Calif.) U.S. businessman, founder of one of the world’s largest hotel organizations. As a boy he helped his father turn the family’s adobe house into an inn for traveling salesmen. After his father’s death in 1918 he bought several hotels in Texas, and by 1939 he was building, leasing, and buying hotels in California, New York, Illinois, and elsewhere. In 1946 the Hilton Hotels Corp. was organized; in 1948, as the business expanded overseas, the company was renamed Hilton Inter¬ national Co. Later diversification included a credit card company and a car- rental firm. His son Barron succeeded him as president in 1966.
Hilton, James (Glen Trevor) (b. Sept. 9, 1900, Leigh, Lancashire, Eng.—d. Dec. 20, 1954, Long Beach, Calif., U.S.) British novelist. Edu¬ cated at Cambridge University, he later wrote numerous novels but is principally remembered for three best-selling works that led to popular films: Lost Horizon (1933; film, 1937), Good-Bye Mr. Chips (1934; film, 1939), and Random Harvest (1941; film, 1942). He eventually moved to California to work as a screenwriter.
Himachal Pradesh Mio-'ma-chol-pro-'deslA State (pop., 2001 prelim.: 6,077,248), northern India. Located in the western Himalayas, it is bor¬ dered by Tibet (China) and the states of Uttaranchal, Haryana, Punjab, and Jammu and Kashmir and covers an area of 21,495 sq mi (55,673 sq km); its capital is Shimla. The area’s history dates back to the Vedic period; later the Aryans assimilated the indigenous peoples. It was exposed to succes¬ sive invasions through the centuries, ending with British domination in the 19th century. Between 1948 and the achievement of statehood in 1971, the state underwent various changes in size and administrative status. It is one of the least urbanized states in India, and most of the people are subsistence-level farmers.