Hobbes was raised by his uncle.
After graduating from the University of Oxford he became a tutor and traveled with his pupil in Europe, where he engaged Galileo in philo¬ sophical discussions on the nature of motion. He later turned to political theory, but his support for absolutism put him at odds with the rising anti¬ royalist sentiment of the time. He fled to Paris in 1640, where he tutored the future King Charles II of England. In Paris he wrote his best- known work, Leviathan (1651), in which he attempted to justify the absolute power of the sovereign on the basis of a hypothetical social contract in which individuals seek to protect themselves from one another by agreeing to obey the sovereign in all matters. Hobbes returned to Brit¬ ain in 1651 after the death of Charles I. In 1666 Parliament threatened to investigate him as an atheist. His works are considered important state¬ ments of the nascent ideas of liberalism as well as of the longstanding assumptions of absolutism characteristic of the times.
Hobby, Oveta Culp orig. Oveta Culp (b. Jan. 19, 1905, Killeen, Texas, U.S.—d. Aug. 16, 1995, Houston, Texas) U.S. publisher and gov¬ ernment official. A graduate of the University of Texas Law School, she was parliamentarian of the Texas legislature from 1925 to 1931. In 1931 she married William P. Hobby, publisher of the Houston Post-Dispatch , and went to work for the newspaper, becoming its executive vice presi¬ dent in 1938. From 1942 to 1945 she headed the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (later Women's Army Corps). In 1953 she was appointed director of the Federal Security Agency, which was reorganized as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; as secretary of the department (1953— 55), she was only the second woman to hold a U.S. cabinet position. She became chairman of the board of the Post in 1965.
Hobhouse, L(eonard) T(relawny) (b. Sept. 8,1864, St. Ives, Corn¬ wall, Eng.—d. June 21, 1929, Alen^on, France) British sociologist known
Thomas Hobbes, detail of an oil paint¬ ing by John Michael Wright, in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
COURTESY OF THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY, LONDON
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
882 I Hockney ► Hoffmann
for his comparative studies of social development. He sought to correlate social change with its contribution to the general advance of the commu¬ nity, focusing especially on the intellectual, moral, and religious elements of change. He joined the staff of the Manchester Guardian (1897) and continued to write for the newspaper after leaving to teach sociology at the London School of Economics (1904-29). Among his works are Mor¬ als in Evolution (1906), The Rational Good (1921), and Elements of Social Justice (1922).
Hockney, David (b. July 9, 1937, Bradford, Eng.) British painter, draftsman, printmaker, photographer, and stage designer. He studied at the Bradford College of Art and the Royal College of Art in London. In the mid 1960s he taught at the Universities of Iowa, Colorado, and Cali¬ fornia, and in 1978 he settled permanently in Los Angeles. His portraits, self-portraits, still lifes, and quiet scenes of friends are characterized by economy of technique, preoccupation with light, bright colours, and a frank, mundane realism derived from Pop art and photography. The Cali¬ fornia swimming pool became one of his favourite themes. A brilliant draftsman and printmaker, he published series of etchings, including illus¬ trations for Six Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (1969). In the 1970s he achieved prominence as a set designer for the opera and ballet. He later experimented with photography and photocollage, and still later with computer technology and printers.
Hodges, Johnny orig. John Cornelius Hodges (b. July 25,1906, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.—d. May 11, 1970, New York, N.Y.) U.S. saxo¬ phonist, one of the greatest alto-saxophone stylists in jazz. “Rabbit” Hodges was encouraged and influenced by Sidney Bechet in the mid-1920s. He joined Duke Ellington’s band in 1928 and quickly became its most prominent soloist. Except for a period when he led his own small group (1951-55), Hodges would remain with Ellington for the rest of his career. His peerless, soulful tone and rhythmic poise made him a master inter¬ preter of both ballads and blues, and Ellington and Billy Strayhorn com¬ posed many pieces expressly for him.
Hodgkin, Dorothy M(ary) orig. Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (b.
May 12, 1910, Cairo, Egypt—d. July 29, 1994, Shipston-on-Stour, War¬ wickshire, Eng.) English chemist. After studying at Oxford and Cam¬ bridge, she went to work at Oxford. From 1942 to 1949 she worked on a structural analysis of penicillin. In 1948 she and her colleagues made the first X-ray photograph of vitamin B 12 , one of the most complex nonpro¬ tein compounds, and they eventually completely determined its atomic arrangement. In 1969 she completed a similar three-dimensional analysis of insulin. Her work won her a 1964 Nobel Prize. She was chancellor of Bristol University (1970-88) and was known for her work for peace and international scientific cooperation. In 1965 she became the second woman ever awarded the Order of Merit.
Hodgkin disease or lymphoreticuloma Uim-fo-ri-.tik-yo- 'lo-m9\ Most common malignant lymphoma. It starts with local, painless swelling of lymph nodes and sometimes of the spleen, liver, or other organs, followed by weight loss and weakness. Diagnosis can be con¬ firmed only by biopsy, usually from a lymph node. The cause remains unknown. Treatment with chemotherapy, radiation, or both depends on the stage of the disease. More than 90% of patients diagnosed early can be cured, as can many with advanced disease.
Hodna, Chott el- Vshat-al-'hod-noN Shallow saline lake, north-central Algeria. At the bottom of an arid depression in the Hodna Plain, it acts as an interior drainage basin. It is subject to extreme evaporation and var¬ ies in size; it is often dry. Roman and premodern settlement is evident in the vicinity, but there is little modem development.
Hoe, Robert; and Hoe, Richard (March) (respectively b. Oct. 29, 1784, Hoes, Leicestershire, Eng.—d. Jan. 4, 1833, New York, N.Y., U.S.; b. Sept. 12, 1812, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. June 7, 1886, Florence, Italy) Father and son, inventors. Robert immigrated to the U.S. in 1803. In New York City he cofounded a printing-equipment company and in 1827 introduced the cast-iron frame, which soon replaced the standard wooden frames used for printing presses. His improved version of the Napier cylinder printing press supplanted all English-made presses in the U.S. Richard joined the company in 1827 and became its head when his father died. He replaced the flatbed press with the first successful rotary press (patented 1847). He followed this innovation with the web press (1865) and the web perfecting press (1871), revolutionary improvements that made the large-circulation daily newspaper possible.
Hoff \hof. Jacobus H(enricus) van't (b. Aug. 30, 1852, Rotter¬ dam, Neth.—d. March 1, 1911, Berlin, Ger.) Dutch physical chemist. His early work on stereochemistry explained optical activity in terms of the tetrahedral bonding of carbon atoms in organic molecules (see configura¬ tion). His later work outlined the principles of chemical kinetics, applied the laws of thermodynamics to chemical equilibria, introduced modern concepts of chemical affinity, and advanced understanding of electrolytes. Equations relating osmotic pressure (see osmosis) to mole fraction of sol¬ ute and relating the equilibrium constant to temperature bear his name. In 1901 he was awarded the first Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
Hoffa, Jimmy orig. James Riddle Hoffa (b. Feb. 14, 1913, Bra¬ zil, Ind., U.S.—disappeared July 30, 1975, Bloomfield Hills, near Detroit, Mich.) U.S. labour leader. He moved with his family to Detroit in 1924, left school at 14, and began work as a stockboy and warehouseman. He became a labour organizer in the 1930s, rising in the Teamsters Union dur¬ ing the next two decades until he reached the office of president, which he held from 1957 to 1971. Known throughout the trucking industry as a tough bargainer, he played a key role in forging the first national freight- hauling agreement and helped make the Teamsters the largest labour union in the U.S. Long associated with underworld figures, he was sent to prison in 1967 for jury tampering, fraud, and conspiracy; his sentence was com¬ muted by Pres. Richard Nixon in 1971. In 1975 he disappeared from a restaurant near Detroit; he is believed to have been murdered to prevent his retaking control of the union. His son, James Riddle Hoffa, Jr. (b. 1941), was elected president of the Teamsters in 1999.