Hoffman, Abbie orig. Abbott Hoffman (b. Nov. 30, 1936, Worcester, Mass., U.S.—d. April 12, 1989, New Hope, Pa.) U.S. politi¬ cal activist. He attended Brandeis University and the University of Cali¬ fornia, Berkeley, and became active in the civil rights movement. In 1968 he organized the Youth International Party (Yippies), which protested the Vietnam War and the U.S. political and economic system. He gained wide¬ spread media attention for his courtroom antics as a defendant in the so-called Chicago Seven trial (1969), in which he was convicted of cross¬ ing state lines with intent to riot at the Democratic Party’s national con¬ vention in Chicago in 1968; the conviction was later overturned. After he was arrested on charges of selling cocaine (1973), he went underground, undergoing plastic surgery and adopting the alias “Barry Freed” to work as an environmentalist in New York state. He resurfaced in 1980 and served a year in prison before resuming his environmental work. His books include Revolution for the Hell of It (1968), Steal This Book (1971), and an autobiography, Soon to Be a Major Motion Picture (1980).
Hoffman, Dustin (b. Aug. 8, 1937, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.) U.S. actor. He acted in off-Broadway plays from 1965 and made his screen debut in The Graduate (1967), a phenomenal hit. He played a remarkable range of characters in films such as Midnight Cowboy (1969), Little Big Man (1970), All the President’s Men (1976), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979, Academy Award), Tootsie (1982), Rain Man (1988, Academy Award), and Wag the Dog (1997). He returned to the Broadway stage in a revival of Death of a Salesman (1984), repeating the role for television (1985, Emmy Award), and played Shy lock in The Merchant of Venice in Lon¬ don (1989) and New York (1990).
Hoffman, Samuel (Kurtz) (b. April 15, 1902, Williamsport, Pa., U.S.—d. June 26, 1995, Santa Barbara, Calif.) U.S. aeronautical design and rocket propulsion engineer. At North American Aviation (1949-70), he vastly increased the power of rocket engines, and he completed the prototype of the engine for the launch vehicles that orbited the first U.S. satellite (Explorer 1) and placed the first U.S. astronauts in space. His work was essential to the early development of intercontinental and intermediate-range ballistic missiles (see ICBM). From 1958 he oversaw development of the engines for Saturn launch vehicles, which eventually carried U.S. astronauts to the Moon.
Hoffmann Vh6f-man\, E(rnst) T(heodor) A(madeus) orig. Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann (b. Jan. 24, 1776, Konigsberg, Prussia—d. June 25, 1822, Berlin, Ger.) German writer and composer, a major figure of German Romanticism. He initially supported himself as a legal official (the conflict between the ideal world of art and daily bureau¬ cratic life is evident in many of his stories) and later turned to writing and music, which he often pursued simultaneously. His story collection Fan¬ tasy Pieces in the Style of Callot (1814-15) established his reputation as a writer. His later popular collections Hoffmann’s Strange Stories (1817) and The Serapion Brethren (1819-21) combine wild flights of imagina-
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Hoffmann ► HoheTauern I 883
tion with vivid examinations of human character. Hoffmann also worked as a conductor, music critic, and theatrical musical director. The most successful of his many original musical works were the ballet Arlequin (1811) and the opera Undine (performed 1816). He died at age 46 of pro¬ gressive paralysis. His stories inspired notable operas and ballets by Jacques Offenbach {Tales of Hoffmann ), Leo Delibes ( Coppelia ), Pyotr Tchaikovsky {The Nutcracker), and Paul Hindemith ( Cardillac ).
Hoffmann Vh6f-man\, Josef (b. Dec. 15, 1870, Pirnitz, Moravia—d. May 7, 1956, Vienna, Austria) Austrian architect and designer. He stud¬ ied under Otto Wagner in Vienna but in 1899 helped found the Vienna Sezession, which broke free of Wagner’s Classicism. He cofounded, and for 30 years (1903-33) directed, the Wiener Werkstatte (Vienna Work¬ shop), an important centre for arts and crafts. Stoclet House (1905) in Brussels is considered his masterpiece; the exterior of this opulent struc¬ ture achieved an elegance not often associated with design based on straight lines and white squares and rectangles. He designed the Austrian pavilions for the 1914 Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne and for the 1934 Venice Biennale. In 1920 he was appointed city architect of Vienna.
Hofmann, Hans (b. March 21, 1880, Weissenberg, Ger.—d. Feb. 17, 1966, New York, N.Y., U.S.)
German-born U.S. painter and art teacher. From 1898 he studied art in Munich, and in 1904 he moved to Paris, where he was inspired by the work of Henri Matisse and Robert Delaunay. In 1915 he opened his first school of painting in Munich. He moved to the U.S. in 1930 and taught at New York’s Art Students League.
In 1933 he opened the Hans Hof¬ mann School of Fine Art, where he would exert strong influence on young abstract painters of the 1930s and ’40s, including Willem de Koon¬ ing and Jackson Pollock. His style evolved into total abstraction, and he pioneered the paint-dripping tech¬ nique later associated with Pollock.
He closed the school in 1958 to devote the rest of his life to his paint¬ ing. He was one of the most influen¬ tial art teachers of the 20th century and a significant figure in the development of Abstract Expressionism.
Hofmannsthal Vhof-mans-.taB, Hugo von (b. Feb. 1, 1874, Vienna, Austria—d. July 15, 1929, Rodaun, a suburb of Vienna) Austrian poet, dramatist, and essayist. Born into an aristocratic banking family, he made his reputation with lyric poems (the first published when he was 16) and verse plays, including The Death of Titian (1892) and Death and the Fool (1893). He renounced lyrical poetry in a 1902 essay and thereafter turned to theatre; his later plays include Christina's Journey Home (1910), Everyman (1911), The Difficult Man (1921), and The Tower (1925). In 1906 he began a celebrated collaboration with the composer Richard Strauss; their remarkable first opera, Elektra (1908), was followed by Der Rosenkavalier (1910), Ariadne auf Naxos (1912, revised 1916), Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919), and others. In 1920 he cofounded the Salzburg Festival with Max Reinhardt.
hog Heavy, fat-producing domesticated pig developed in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th century. As the growing use of cheaper vegetable oils decreased the importance of lard as a source of fat, meatpackers sought hogs yielding more lean meat and less fat, and breeders (mostly European) began crossbreeding programs to obtain lean meat and vigor¬ ous animals. Today the term hog is often used for any pig weighing more than 120 lbs (54 kg).
hog cholera or swine fever Often fatal viral disease of swine in Europe, North America, and Africa, transmitted by vehicles used to carry pigs, people dealing with them, and uncooked garbage in feed. Fever progresses to symptoms that include appetite loss; affected eyes and diges¬ tive tract; respiratory difficulty; rash; and inflamed mouth and throat. The pig moves reluctantly and staggers; later it cannot rise; coma follows. Antiserum is rarely effective. Survivors become chronically ill and can
spread the virus. Illness must be reported, infected animals slaughtered, and quarantine instituted. A vaccine can control it. The African strain causes death sooner and has no effective prevention or treatment.
hogan Dwelling of the Navajo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. The hogan is roughly circular and constructed usually of logs, which are stepped in gradually to create a domed roof. The whole structure is then covered with mud and sod except for a circular opening in the roof that allows smoke to escape. The entrance generally faces the rising sun.