Hogan, Ben in full William Benjamin Hogan (b. Aug. 13, 1912, Dublin, Texas, U.S.—d. July 25, 1997, Fort Worth, Texas) U.S. golfer. Hogan became a golf professional in 1929. He won the U.S. PGA cham¬ pionship (1946, 1948), the U.S. Open (1948, 1950, 1951, 1953), the Mas¬ ters Tournament (1951, 1953), and the British Open (1953); several of his victories followed a 1949 car accident in which he was injured so severely that he was not expected to walk again. Hogan was known for his demand¬ ing practice regimen, his single-minded determination, and the extraordi¬ nary accuracy of his shotmaking.
Hogarth, William (b. Nov. 10,1697, London, Eng.—d. Oct. 26, 1764, London) British painter and engraver. Apprenticed at 15 to a sil¬ versmith, he opened his own engrav¬ ing and printing shop at 22. He took private drawing lessons while earn¬ ing a living as an engraver of book illustrations. His first major work, the satirical engraving Masquerades and Operas, attacked contemporary taste and questioned the art estab¬ lishment, thus winning him many enemies. In 1728 he embarked on a painting career with a work that reveals his interest in theatre and comic subject matter, A Scene from “The Beggar's Opera”', he also painted “conversation pieces” (infor¬ mal group portraits) for wealthy cli¬ ents. His engravings of modem morality subjects, often in sequential sets, were aimed at a wide public, and their outstanding success estab¬ lished his financial independence. To safeguard his livelihood against pirated editions, he fought for legislation protecting artists’ copyright. Britain’s first copyright act was passed in 1735, the year he published his satirical eight-part series The Rake’s Progress. His other satirical series include A Harlot’s Progress (1730-31) and Marriage a la Mode (1743— 45). The teaching academy he established led to the founding of the Royal Academy (1768).
Hogg, James (baptized Dec. 9, 1770, Ettrick, Selkirkshire, Scot.—d. Nov. 21, 1835, Altrive, Yarrow) Scottish poet. A shepherd, he was almost entirely self-educated. The talents of “the Ettrick Shepherd” were discov¬ ered by Walter Scott when Hogg supplied material for Scott’s Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, and his popularity accompanied the ballad revival of the early Romantic movement. Hogg’s other writings include the poetry collection The Queen’s Wake (1813) and The Private Memoirs and Con¬ fessions of a Justified Sinner (1824), a novel about religious mania with a psychopathic hero that anticipates the modern psychological thriller.
Hoggar Mountains See Ahaggar
hognose snake Any of three or four species (genus Heterodon, fam¬ ily Colubridae) of harmless North American snakes named for their upturned snout, which is used for digging. When threatened, they flatten the head and neck, then strike with a loud hiss, but rarely bite. If their bluff fails, they roll over, writhing, and then act dead, with mouth open and tongue lolling. They eat chiefly toads and frogs. Heavy-bodied and blotchy, they are usually about 24 in. (60 cm) long. Though not adders, they are sometimes called puff adders or blow snakes.
Hohe Tauern Vho-o-'tau-orM Segment of the eastern Alps, in southern Austria. It extends 70 mi (110 km) east from the Italian border in Tirol. Its many lofty peaks include the Grossglockner, Austria’s highest. The region is popular for mountain climbing and skiing.
Hans Hofmann, photograph by Arnold Newman, 1960.
©ARNOLD NEWMAN
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
884 I Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst ► Holderlin
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst Vho-on-To-o-'shi-liqgs-.fiErstX, Chlod- wig (Karl Viktor), prince zu (b. March 31, 1819, Rotenburg an der Fulda, Hesse-Nassau—d. July 6, 1901, Bad Ragaz, Switz.) Imperial Ger¬ man chancellor and Prussian prime minister (1894-1900). Active in Bavarian politics from 1846, he served as minister president (1866-70) after Prussia’s defeat of Bavaria in the Seven Weeks' War. He favoured a unified Germany, and in 1871 he entered the service of the German Empire. He was appointed German chancellor in 1894. His wide expe¬ rience and fatherly relationship with Emperor William II failed to prevent his sovereign’s demagogic excesses, and his influence largely ended in 1897 when Bernhard, prince von Bulow, became foreign secretary.
Hohenstaufen dynasty V.ho-on-'shtau-fonN German dynasty that ruled the Holy Roman Empire (1138-1208, 1212-54). It was founded by Count Frederick (died 1105), who built Staufen Castle and was appointed duke of Swabia as Frederick I (1079). Hohenstaufen emperors included Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1155-90), Henry VI (r. 1191-97), and Frederick II (r. 1220-50). The dynasty continued the struggle with the papacy begun under their predecessors. See also Guelphs and Ghibelunes.
Hohenzollern V.ho-ont-'so-lomV dynasty Dynasty prominent in European history, chiefly as the ruling house of Brandenburg-Prussia (1415-1918) and of imperial Germany (1871-1918). The first recorded ancestor, Burchard I, was count of Zollern in the 11th century. Two main branches were formed: the Franconian line (including burgraves of Niirn- berg, electors of Brandenburg, kings of Prussia, and German emperors) and the Swabian line (including counts of Zollern, princes of Hohenzollem-Sigmaringen, and princes and then kings of Romania). The Franconian branch became Lutheran at the Reformation but turned to Cal¬ vinism in 1613 and acquired considerable territory in the 15th—17th cen¬ turies. Both Prussian and German sovereignties were lost at the end of World War I (1914-18). The Swabian line remained Catholic at the Ref¬ ormation and ruled in Romania until 1947. The Hohenzollern monarchs included Frederick William I, Frederick II (the Great), Frederick William II, and Frederick William III of Prussia; William I and William II of Germany; and Carol I and Carol II of Romania.
Hohhot Vho-'hoA or Hu-ho-hao-t'e Vhu-'hs-'hau-'taV or Huhehot
Vhii-.ho-'hoA Mongol Kukukhoto \ 1 kii-ku-'ko-to\ City (pop., 1999 est.: 754,749), capital of Inner Mongolia autonomous region, northern China. The original Mongol city was an important religious centre for Tibetan Buddhism and later a Muslim trading community. After World War II (1939—45) it developed into an industrial centre with sugar refining, wool¬ ens, and an iron and steel industry. Its university (1957) was the first in Inner Mongolia. The city is a regional cultural centre.
Hohokam Vho-ho-.kamX culture Complex of North American Indian peoples who lived c. 300 bc-ad 1400 in the Sonoran Desert (Arizona, U.S.), especially along the Gila and Salt rivers. The Hohokam Indians developed intricate networks of canals for irrigation, an agricultural engi¬ neering feat unsurpassed in pre-Columbian North America. Some 14th- century canals have been restored for use. Corn was the major crop; beans and squash were added after contact with the Anasazi. For unknown rea¬ sons, Hohokam culture disintegrated in the early 15th century. The Pima and Papago peoples are probably direct descendants.
Hojo family Family of hereditary regents to the shogunate of Japan who exercised actual power from 1199 to 1333. Hojo Tokimasa (1138— 1215) joined the cause of Minamoto Yoritomo against Taira Kiyomori, then ruler of Japan. Together they prevailed, and Yoritomo became Japan’s new ruler, taking the title of shogun. Tokimasa’ s daughter married Yoritomo, and when Yoritomo died in 1199 Tokimasa became regent to Yoritomo’s heir, his own grandson. The position of shogunal regent became heredi¬ tary; this office oversaw the constables and tax collectors that the shogu¬ nate placed in each province. The system worked well through the first half of the 13th century; its decline came about after resources had been depleted defending Japan against two Mongol invasions and because of the personal failings of the last Hojo regent. Hojo rule ended when Ash- ikaga Takauji captured Kyoto in the name of the emperor Go-Daigo and the Ashikaga family assumed the title of shogun. See also Kamakura period.