Holiness movement Fundamentalist religious movement that arose in the 19th century among Protestant churches in the U.S. It was charac¬ terized by the doctrine of sanctification, according to which believers were enabled to live a perfect life after a conversion experience. It originated in the teachings of John Wesley, founder of Methodism, who issued a call for Christian “perfection” (the transformation of a sinner into a saint through God’s intercession). In 1843 a group of Holiness ministers founded the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America, which became popular in the rural Midwest and South; another Holiness church of this era was the Free Methodist Church of North America, founded in 1860. Between 1880 and World War I a new set of Holiness groups appeared, including the Church of the Nazarene, established to minister to the urban poor, and the Church of God.
Holinshed \'ha-bn-,shed\, Raphael (d. c. 1580) English chronicler. From c. 1560 Holinshed lived in London, where he was employed as a translator by Reginald Wolfe, who was preparing a universal history. Holinshed is remembered for his Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande (1577), an abridged history he published after Wolfe’s death, compiled largely uncritically from many sources of varying degrees of trustworthiness. It enjoyed great popularity and was quarried by Elizabe¬ than dramatists, especially William Shakespeare, who drew on its second edition (1587) for Macbeth, King Lear, Cymbeline, and many of his his¬ torical plays.
holism Vho-.li-zomX In the philosophy of the social sciences, the view that denies that all large-scale social events and conditions are ultimately explicable in terms of the individuals who participated in, enjoyed, or suffered them. Methodological holism maintains that at least some social phenomena must be studied at their own autonomous, macroscopic level of analysis, that at least some social “wholes” are not reducible to or completely explicable in terms of individuals’ behaviour (see emergence). Semantic holism denies the claim that all meaningful statements about large-scale social phenomena (e.g., “The industrial revolution resulted in urbanization”) can be translated without residue into statements about the actions, attitudes, relations, and circumstances of individuals.
holistic \ho-'lis-tik\ medicine Doctrine of prevention and treatment that emphasizes looking at the whole person—body, mind, emotions, and environment—rather than a single function or organ. It promotes use of a wide range of health practices and therapies, including acupuncture, homeopathy, and nutrition, stressing “self-care” with traditional common- sense essentials. In the extreme, it may accord equal validity to a wide range of health-care approaches, some incompatible and not all scientific. It does not ignore mainstream Western medical practices but does not see them as the only effective therapies. See also alternative medicine.
Holland Historic region, The Netherlands, occupying the northwestern portion of the modem country. It originated in the early 12th century as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1299 Holland was united with Hain- aut. Members of the house of Wittelsbach served as counts of Holland, Zeeland, and Hainaut until 1433, when they ceded the titles to Philip III (the Good), duke of Burgundy. It passed to the Habsburgs in 1482 and became a centre of the revolt against Spain in 1572. Holland and six other northern Netherlands provinces declared their independence from Spain in 1579, proclaiming the United Provinces of the Netherlands. Its capi¬ tal, Amsterdam, became Europe’s foremost commercial centre in the 18th century. The Napoleonic kingdom of Holland occupied the territory (1806-10). In 1840 it was divided into the provinces of North Holland and South Holland.
Holland, Brian and Eddie orig. Edward Holland (respectively b. Feb. 15, 1941, Detroit, Mich., U.S.; b. Oct. 30, 1939, Detroit, Mich., U.S.) U.S. songwriters and producers. In 1962 the brothers formed a team with Lamont Dozier (b. 1941), which subsequently created a series of hits for almost every artist on the Motown label and helped define its char¬ acteristic sound through blending elements of gospel music and rhythm and blues with elaborate arrangements. Their songs include “Baby Love,” “Stop! In the Name of Love” (two of the seven hits they wrote for the Supremes), “Heat Wave,” “Baby, I Need Your Loving,” and dozens of other hits for artists such as Marvin Gaye and the Temptations.
Holland (of Foxley and of Holland), Henry Richard Vas- sall Fox, 3rd Baron (b. Nov. 21, 1773, Winterslow, Wiltshire, Eng.—d. Oct. 22, 1840, London) British Whig politician. He was the nephew and disciple of Charles James Fox, whose ideas he expounded in the House of Lords. As lord privy seal in George Grenville’s “Ministry of All the Talents” coalition (1806-07), he helped secure the abolition of the slave trade in the British colonies. He later served as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (1830-34, 1835-40).
Hollerith, Herman (b. Feb. 29, 1860, Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.—d. Nov. 17, 1929, Washington, D.C.) U.S. inventor. He attended Columbia Uni¬ versity’s School of Mines and later assisted in the 1880 U.S. census. By the time of the 1890 census, he had invented machines to record statis¬ tics by electrically reading and sorting punched cards, and the census results were consequently obtained in one-third the time required in 1880. In 1896 he founded the Tabulating Machine Co., which later became IBM Corp. Hollerith’s electromechanical sensing and punching devices were forerunners of the input/output units of later computers.
Friedrich Holderlin, pastel by Franz Karl Hiemer, 1792; in the Schiller- Nationalmuseum, Marbach, Germany.
COURTESY OF THE SCHILLER-NATIONALMUSEUM, MARBACH, GERMANY
Billie Holiday, 1958.
REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION OF DOWN BEAT MAGAZINE
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
886 I Holley ► Holocaust
Holley, Robert William (b. Jan. 28, 1922, Urbana, Ill., U.S.—d. Feb. 11, 1993, Los Gatos, Calif.) U.S. biochemist. He received his Ph.D. from Cornell University. Holley and others showed that transfer RNA was involved in the assembly of amino acids into proteins. He was the first to determine the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid, a process that required digesting the molecule with enzymes, identifying the pieces, and then figuring out how they fit together. It has since been shown that all transfer RNA has a similar structure. He shared a 1968 Nobel Prize with Marshall Warren Nirenberg and Har Gobind Khorana.
Holliday, Doc orig. John Henry Holliday (baptized March 21, 1852, Griffin, Ga., U.S.—d. Nov. 8, 1887, Glenwood Springs, Colo.) U.S. gambler and gunman. After graduating from dental school in 1872, he moved to the drier climate of the West to help treat his tuberculosis. After practicing dentistry briefly in Dallas, Texas, he took up gambling, and he began drifting throughout the West, finally settling in Tombstone, Ariz., in 1880. There he joined Wyatt Earp and his brothers in the famous gun- fight at the O.K. Corral (1881). Having earned a reputation as a gunman, he resumed his drifting; five years later he died of tuberculosis at age 35.
Hollweg, Theobald von Bethmann See Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
holly Any of approximately 400 species of red- or black-berried orna¬ mental shrubs and trees that make up the genus Ilex (family Aquifoli- aceae), including the popular Christ¬ mas hollies. English holly (/. aquifolium ) bears shiny, spiny, dark, evergreen leaves; American holly (/. opaca ) has oblong, prickly leaves; both have usually red fruits. There are spineless and yellow-fruited forms of both species.
Holly, Buddy orig. Charles Hardin Holley (b. Sept. 7, 1936,
Lubbock, Texas, U.S.—d. Feb. 3,
1959, near Clear Lake, Iowa) U.S. singer and songwriter. He played in country music bands while in high school. Later switching to rock and roll (see rock music), Holly and his band, the Crickets, had hits in 1957 with songs such as “That’ll Be the Day,” “Peggy Sue,” and “Oh, Boy!” Holly died at age 22 in a plane crash, along with the singers Richie Valens (b. 1941) and The Big Bopper (Jape Richardson, b. 1930). He left behind many recordings that were released posthumously, and he soon attained legendary stature; he was part of the first group inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.